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bdkbZμ6% lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkèkkj vkSj lafoèkku osQ eq[; y{k.k

dk lko;o fu;e (An Organic Law of the Central People's Government)A uksV
z rhuksa çys[kksa esa lkekU; dk;ZØe lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ FkkA blesa vUrfjd 'kkludky osQ fy, vFkkZr~ lektokn
dh çkfIr rd osQ fy,] ekSfyd mís';ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k FkkA çLrkouk esa dgk x;k Fkk fd phu dk
jktuhfrd vkèkkj ^uohu çtkrU=k* (new democracy) gS ftudk mi;skx ^turkaf=kd vfèkuk;dra=k*
(people democratic dictatorship) }kjk fd;k tk,xkA
z fnlacj 1993 osQ lafoèkku osQ varxZr :l esa la?kh; x.kjkT; (Federal Republic) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
vr% bl ns'k dk vkfèkdkfjd uke :lh la?k (Russian Federation) gSA bl la?k esa 21 x.kjkT;
(Republics)] 49 ç'kklfud vapy (Administrative Regions)] 6 çkar (Provinces)] 10 Lok;Ùk tuin
(Autonomous Districts) vkSj nks la?kh; uxj (Federal Cities) μ ekLdksa rFkk lsaV ihVlZcxZ lfEefyr gSA
bl rjg :lh la?k dqy feykdj 89 ç'kklfud bdkb;ksa (Administrative Units) ls cuk gSA
z 'kklu&ç.kkyh osQ Lrj ij ;gka vè;{kh; ç.kkyh (Presidential System) vkSj lalnh; ç.kkyh (Parliamentary
System) dk feJ.k rS;kj djus dk ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA vè;{kh; ç.kkyh dh rjg ;gka ,d 'kfDr'kkyh
jk"Vªifr (President) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS] vkSj lalnh; ç.kkyh dh rjg ;gka ,d 'kfDr'kkyh laln
(Paliament) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ftls la?kh; lHkk (Federal Assembly) dgk tkrk gSA

z :l esa foèkkf;dk (Legislature) osQ d`R; la?kh; lHkk (Federal Assembly) dks lkSais x, gSaA blesa nks lnu
(Chambers) j[ks x, gSaA voj lnu (Lower House) dks LVsV M~;wek dgk tkrk gSA blesa 450 lnL;ksa
dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA mPp lnu (Upper House) dks la?kh; ifj"kn (Federal Council) dgk tkrk gSA
blesa 178 lnL;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA LVsV M~;wek osQ 225 lnL; lhèks ,dlnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=kksa (Single-
Member Constituencies) ls pkj o"kZ osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSaA bl pquko esa cgqyer ç.kkyh (Plurality
System) viukbZ tkrh gSA

z la?kh; ifj"kn osQ varxZr :lh la?k dh 89 ç'kklfud bdkb;ksa esa ls çR;sd osQ nks&nks çfrfufèk lfEefyr gksrs
gSa ftlls bl ifj"kn osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 178 gks tkrh gSA
z lkèkkj.kr% dksbZ Hkh foèks;d 'kq:&'kq: esa LVsV M~;wek esa çLrqr gksuk pkfg, gkykafd dqN uhfr&lacèkh fo"k;
la?kh; ifj"kn~ osQ vfèkdkj {ks=k esa j[ks x, gSaA LVsV M~;wek esa ikfjr gksus osQ ckn çR;sd foèks;d dks la?kh;
ifj"kn osQ ikl Hkstuk pkfg,A ;fn la?kh; ifj"kn fdlh foèks;d dks vLohdkj dj ns rks mls LVsV M~;wek osQ
ikl okil Hkstk tk,xkA ogka ,d vk;ksx&ftlesa nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL; lfEefyr gksaxs&buesa erHksnksa dks nwj
djus dk ç;Ru djsxkA
z lafoèkku fodkl'khy gksrs gSaA blh çlax esa gsunh esu (Henry Maine) us dgk Fkk fd lafoèkku fufeZr ugha
vfirq fodflr gksrs gSaA bl mfDr esa lR;rk dh ek=kk tks Hkh gks bruk rks loZekU; gh gS fd dksbZ Hkh lafoèkku
vius vfUre :i dks çkIr ugha dj ik;k gS rFkk fodkl osQ ;ksX; gSA ykMZ czkxge us dgk Fkk % ^;fn
lafoèkku dk dksbZ ewY; gS rks mUgsa fodflr gksuk pkfg,] mudh tM+sa Hkh gksrh gSa] os idrs gSa] n`<+ gksrs
gSaA¸ rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ekuo lekt fodkl'khy gS] le; osQ lkFk euq"; dh vko';drk,¡ rFkk ifjfLFkfr;k¡
cnyrh jgrh gSaA
z vkèkqfud fyf[kr lafoèkku esa vejhdh lafoèkku lcls vfèkd iqjkuk lafoèkku gSA bldk fuekZ.k yxHkx nks
lkS o"kZ iwoZ gqvk Fkk ysfdu vkt Hkh ;fn esfMlu vkSj gSfeYVu i`Foh ij vk;sa rks bls igpkuus esa mUgsa Hkh
dfBukbZ gksxhA vkt dk lafoèkku fliQZ 1787 bZñ dk fyf[kr çys[k ugha gS] ;g rks <k¡pkek=k gS] xxupqEch
vV~Vkfydk dk vkèkkj ek=k gSA le; vkSj ifjfLFkfr dh ek¡x osQ vuqlkj blesa la'kksèku gq,] fofèk osÙkk]
çdk'kdh; vkèkkj] foèkkf;uh laLFkkvksa] ukxfjdksa vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa us bldh O;k[;k dhA

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