Page 145 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV loksZPprk ekuh tk pqdh Fkh] ysfdu bls O;ogkfjd :i nsus esa dfBukbZ gks jgh FkhA fofy;e vkSj esjh dh jktdh;
uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± ij dM+k fu;a=k.k jgkA ysfdu] vV~Bkjgoha lnh osQ çkjEHk esa lgh le; us iyVk [kk;kA
z jktk okLrfod 'kkld u jgk] og laoSèkkfud çèkku cu x;kA og fliQZ jkT; djus yxk 'kklu ughaA lHkh
mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa us bl fu;e dk ikyu fd;kA
z vV~Bkjgoha lnh osQ eè; rd ,slh laLFkk dk tUe gqvk tks tura=k dk çeq[k vax cu x;hA ;g laLFkk
eaf=kifj"kn~ FkhA èkhjs&èkhjs okLrfod ç'kkldh; 'kfÙkQ laln osQ çfr mÙkjnk;h ,dnyh; eaf=kifj"kn osQ gkFk esa
vk x;hA vUr esa] turk dh çfrfufèk lHkk ^dkWeu lHkk* osQ gkFk esa ns'k dh vfUre 'kfÙkQ vk;h vkSj eaf=keaMy
mlosQ çfr lkewfgd :i ls mÙkjnk;h gqvkA
z eaf=keaMy osQ lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh O;kogkfjd liQyrk osQ fy, usrk dh vko';drk Fkh] ysfdu cgqr

fnuksa rd fdlh us bl LFkku dks xzg.k ugha fd;kA
z çR;sd lafoèkku dh tM+ vrhr osQ xHkZ esa fNih gqbZ gSA vejhdh lafoèkku Hkh bldk viokn ugha gSA vr%
orZeku lafoèkku osQ leqfpr Kku osQ fy, mldk ,sfrgkfld Kku vko';d gSA vè;;u dh lqfoèkk osQ fy,
lafoèkku osQ fodkl dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ (1) mifuos'khdj.k (Colonization)] (2)
LorU=krk (Independence)] (3) jkT;eaMy (Confederation) vkSj (4) lafoèkku (Constituion)A
z vejhdh mifuos'kksa dh vU; çeq[k LFkk;h fo'ks"krk LFkkuh; laLFkk,¡ FkhaA vkèkqfud dky dh LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa
dk ;gha ls çkjEHk gksrk gSA U;w baxySaM dh çeq[k nsu 'kgjksa esa çR;{k çtkrU=k FkkA
z fLoV~tjySaM dk çkjfEHkd bfrgkl tkfr;ksa osQ vkokxeu dk bfrgkl gSA vxLr] 1291 dks rhu LorU=k rFkk
laçHkq jkT;ksa us ^LFkk;h la?k* dh LFkkiuk dhA okLro esa] fLoV~tjySaM dk tUe gqvkA la?k dh LFkkiuk esa dbZ
lkS o"kZ blosQ foLrkj rFkk n`<+rk osQ o"kZ FksA

z 1848 bZñ osQ lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k ^vesfjdk osQ lafoèkku dks vkn'kZ ekudj fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dSaVuksa dh
çHkqlÙkk la?k dh c<+rh gqbZ 'kfÙkQ osQ chp le>kSrk dk ifj.kke FkkA bl lafoèkku }kjk ;g ç;Ru fd;k x;k
fd dSaVu ml lhek rd laizHkqjkT; cus jgsa tgk¡ rd fd la?kh; lafoèkku mUgsa çHkqlÙkk çnku dj losQA
z ;|fi 1848 bZñ osQ lafoèkku us fLoV~tjyS.M dks ,d ;qfÙkQlaxr rFkk vkèkqfud lafoèkku fn;k] fiQj Hkh ;g
vfèkd fnuksa rd dk;Z'khy u jgkA jsfMdy yksx (Radicalists) bl lafoèkku osQ fo:¼ FksA os osQUæ dks vfèkd
'kfÙkQ'kkyh cukuk pkgrs FksA mUgsa turk dk i;kZIr leFkZu çkIr gqvkA iQyr% 1874 bZñ esa la?kh; laln us
u;k lafoèkku rS;kj fd;k ftldk tuer&laxzg }kjk vuqeksnu gqvkA 29 ebZ] 1874 bZñ dks u;k lafoèkku çHkkoh
gqvkA ;gh lafoèkku vkt Hkh fLoV~tjyS.M esa orZeku gSA
z phuh lkE;okfn;ksa dk dguk gS fd mudk lafoèkku bfrgkl ls ?kfu"B :i ls lacaafèkr gS_ og ,sfrgkfld
vuqHko ij vkèkkfjr gSA yhÅ 'kkvks&ph us dgk Fkk fd phu dk orZeku lafoèkku ¶phuh turk osQ ,d 'krkCnh
ls vfèkd Økafrdkjh la?k"kZ rFkk vkèkqfuddkyhu phuh lafoèkkuokn osQ ,sfrgkfld vuqHko dk fu"d"kZ gSA¸
z lkE;oknh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk osQ rqjUr ckn fdlh lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k ugha fd;k x;kA 'kklu&O;oLFkk osQ
lapkyu osQ fy, ,d lkekU; dk;ZØe (Common Programme) dks viuk;k x;k ftlus ikap o"kks± rd
vLFkk;h lafoèkku (Provisional Constitution) osQ :i esa dke fd;kA lkekU; dk;ZØe dk fuekZ.k phuh
tuoknh jktuhfrd ijke'kZnkrk lEesyu (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference)
uked laLFkk }kjk gqvkA ;g ,d f[kpM+h laLFkk Fkh ftlesa lkE;oknh ny osQ lkFk fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa]
yksd laxBuksa] tu'kfÙkQ lsuk vkSj leqæikj phfu;ksa osQ çhfrfufèk lfEefyr FksA
z ijke'kZnkrk lEesyu us rhu çys[kksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kμ(d) lkekU; dk;ZØe (A Common Programme)
([k) ijke'kZnkrk lEesyu dk lko;o fu;e (An Organic Law of the CPPCC) vkSj (x) osQUæh; ljdkj

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