Page 147 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV z vk¡x vkSj js us blfy, dgk gS fd ¶orZeku lafoèkku fliQZ çys[khu vuqPNsn ugha gS cfYd leLr O;k[;k,¡]
fu.kZ;] vH;kl vkSj ç.kkfy;k¡ tks ekSfyd vuqPNsnksa vkSj èkkjkvksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ fodflr gq, gSa bldk ladyu
gS] ftUgsa de&ls&de ,d gtkj i`"Bksa esa eqfær fd;k tk ldrk gSA¸
z laoSèkkfud fodkl osQ fy, vusd i¼fr;ksa ij fuHkZj fd;k tkrk gS_ tSls&çFkk,¡] jhfr&fjokt] ç'kkldh;
vè;kns'k] U;k;ky;ksa osQ fu.kZ; vkSj oSKkfud vkS|ksfxd vuqlaèkku vkfnA bu i¼fr;ksa ls Hkh Li"V o çR;{k
i¼fr laoSèkkfud la'kksèku gSa bldh tfVyrk rFkk lafoèkku dh çfr"Bk dk [;ky j[krs gq, bl i¼fr dk
de ç;ksx gksrk gS% ij fLoV~tjySaM esa vU; fofèk;ksa osQ foijhr laoSèkkfud ifjoÙkZu ykus osQ fy, laoSèkkfud
la'kksèku dh i¼fr ij gh vfèkd fuHkZj fd;k x;k gSA fLoV~tjySaM esa osQoy 77 o"kks± esa 50 la'kksèku fd;s x;s]
tcfd vesfjdk esa 170 o"kks± esa (1789 bZñ ls vkt rd) osQoy 26 la'kksèku fd;s x;sA
z la;qDr jkT; vejhdk osQ foèkkueaMy dks ^dkaxzsl* dgk tkrk gSA vejhdk esa la?kh; 'kklu iz.kkyh (Federal
Government) izpfyr gSA ogka dh la?kh; ljdkj iwjs jk"Vª ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dk 'kklu pykrh gS& ipkl
jkT;ksa dh ljdkjsa vius&vius jkT; ls lacafèkr ekeyksa dk 'kklu pykrh gSaA la?kh; iz.kkyh dh vko';drk
osQ vuq:i ogka la?k osQ foèkkueaMy&vFkkZr~ dkaxzsl esa nks lnu j[ks x, gSa% (1) izfrfufèk lHkk (House of
Representatives) laiw.kZ jk"Vª osQ tulkèkkj.k dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gS vkSj (2) lhusV (Senate)
i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA izfrfufèk lHkk dks fuEu lnu ;k voj lnu (Lower House)
dgk tkrk gS lhusV dks mPp lnu] mijyk lnu (Upper House) ;k nwljk lnu (Second Chamber) dgk
tkrk gSA izfrfufèk lHkk osQ lnL; dks dkaxzsl&lnL; (Congresssman) dgk tkrk gS lhusV osQ lnL; dks
lhusV lnL; ;k lhusVj (Senator) dgk tkrk gSA
z la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dk mijk"Vªifr (Vice President) lhusV dk lHkkifr (Chairman) gksrk gSA
vejhdk osQ jk"Vªifr dh rjg mijk"Vªifr dk pquko Hkh tulkèkkj.k osQ }kjk&fuokZpd&xq.k osQ ekè;e ls]
pkj o"kZ dh fu;r vofèk osQ fy, gksrk gSA
z foÙk foèks;d (Finance Bills) osQoy izfrfufèk lHkk ls gh 'kq: fd, tk ldrs gSaA ijarq muosQ fy, lhusV
dk vuqeksnu t:jh gksrk gSA bl n`f"V ls] foèkkueaMy osQ nwljs lnu osQ :i esa lhusV dh 'kfDr cstksM+ gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd vejhdh lhusV dks fo'o dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh nwljk lnu (Most Powerful
Second Chamber of the World) dgk tkrk gSA
z blosQ vykok] jk"Vªifr mPp inksa osQ fy, (tSls fd eaf=k;ksa] jktnwrksa] U;k;kèkh'kksa] egkU;k;okfn;ksa osQ in ij)
tks fu;qfDr;ka djrk gS] ;k fons'kksa osQ lkFk tks lafèk;ka djrk gS] muosQ fy, lhusV dk vuqleFkZu
(Ratification) t:jh gksrk gSA ,d izFkk (Convention) osQ vuqlkj] ;fn jk"Vªifr dks ,sls jkT; esa dksbZ
fu;qfDr djuh gks tgka dk lhusV&lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ vius jktuhfrd ny ls gks rks jk"Vªifr ,slh fu;qfDr
djus ls igys ml lhusV&lnL; ls ijke'kZ dj ysrk gS ;fn og lnL; izLrkfor fu;qfDr dk vuqeksnu dj
nsrk gS rks lhusV Hkh ml fu;qfDr dh iqf"V djsxhA bl izFkk dks lhusV&lkStU; (Senatorial Courtesy) dh
laKk nh tkrh gSA
z fLoV~t+jySaM dk lekt iq:"k&izèkku lekt gSa ;gka 1971 rd fL=k;ksa dks la?kh; pquko esa oksV nsus dks vfèkdkj
ugha FkkA ;gka 1984 esa igyh ckj eaf=keaMy esa dksbZ L=kh j[kh xbZ A mlus 1988 es R;kxi=k ns fn;k] vkSj ogka
nwljh L=kh 1993 esa j[kh xbZA 1999 esa la?kh; lHkk (Federal Assembly ) us igyh L=kh&vè;{k dk pquko fd;kA

z fLoV~t+jySaM dk lafoèkku 1874 ls pyk vk jgk gS A nl lafoèkku osQ varxZr la?kh; ljdkj (Federal
Governmenet ) dks fof'k"V 'kfDr;ka iznku dh xbZ gSa] vkSj vfof'k"V 'kfDr;ka (Residual Powers )
dSaVuksa osQ ikl jgus nh xbZ gSaA izR;sd dSaVu dk viuk&viuk lafoèkku] viuh&viuh foèkku lHkk
(Assembly) vkSj viuh&viuh ljdkj gSA

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