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fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
w?ApoK dh fB:[esh dk gq;skt ;z;d d/ e'b G/idk j? iBtoh 1994 d/ pknd ;zoZfynk–;/tktK, rqfj BØN
wzsokfbnk, oZfynk wzsokfbnk ns/ ftd/P wzsokfbnk f;ZX/ okPNogsh d/ nXhB eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB.
okPNogsh dk T[whdtko x~N s'A x~N d; bZy wsdksktK d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs j'Dk ukjhdkl fJzB/ fe;h fJe
nzubh (Region) iK rDoki (Republic) d/ wsdksktK dh ;zfynk e[b ;zfynk dh 7# s'A fInkdk BjhA
j'Dh ukjhdh.
• iBtkdh uhB dk ;zftXkB nKfPe o{g Bkb ;z;dh gqDkbh Bz{ ngDkT[Adk j?. Gkos dh GKsh rDszso
dk w[yh j[zdk j? i' Pk;B d/ w[yh :kBh gqXkBwzsoh s'A nbr j[zdk j?. 1954 d/ ;zftXkB ftu w[yh gd
dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh. wkUs;/ sz[r rDszso d/ w[yh d/ Bkb–Bkb db d/ wjk;fut th oj/ fi;
ekoB T[j d/P d/ ;otPeshPkbh gdkfXekoh pD/ oj/. b/feB fbT[/–PkUA–uh dh fJj ;fEsh BjhA ;h.
1975 d/ ;zftXkB ftu fJ; gd Bz{ ;wkgs eo fdZsk frnk ns/ ;EkJh ;whsh ns/ T[;d/ w[yh Bz{
rDszso d/ w[yh dh PeshnK ns/ ezw ;"Ag fdZs/ rJ/.
• uhBh rDoki d/ w[yh dh u'D okPNoh eKro; d/ w?ApoK d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?. 1954 d/ ;zftXkB d[nkok
T[;dk ekoiekb 4 ;kb fBoXkos ehsk ;h, 1982 d/ ;zftXkB d[nkok ekoiekb 5 ;kb dk eo fdZsk
frnk j?. e'Jh th ftnesh fi;Bz{ okiBhfse nfXeko gqkgs j'D ns/ T[;dh T[wo 45 ;kb j't/, w[yh gd
u[fDnk ik ;edk j?. db d/ tfoPN ns/ gqshfPms B/sk jh fJ; gd d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB fit/A wkU–s;/
s[zr, fbT[–;kU–uh ns/ bh ihnkfBnB.
7H4 Ppde'P
7H4 Ppde'P
7H4 Ppde'P (Keywords)
7H4 Ppde'P
7H4 Ppde'P
ekoigkfbek L fJ; ft~u Pkfwb jB^ oki dk gqXkB, gqXkBwzsoh, wzsoh wzvb, ftGkrK d/ gqXkB nkfd.
eqkT{B L Uj N'bh fi; Bz{ ;wokN okigd d/ fuzB ;o{g gfjBdk j?. noEks ski iK w[eN.
7H5 nfGnk; gqPB
7H5 nfGnk; gqPB
7H5 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)
7H5 nfGnk; gqPB
7H5 nfGnk; gqPB
1H ;wokN ns/ eqkT{B ft~u eh nzso j?< fpqN/B ft~u eqkT{B d/ pD/ ofjD dk ek n"fus j?<
2H nwoheh okPNogsh d/ u[Bkt ns/ PeshnK dk ftt/uB eo'.
3H fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh ns/ nwoheh okPNogsh dh s[bBkswe ftnkfynk eo'.
4H gzuw rDszso d/ nzsors cqK; d/ okPNogsh dhnK PeshnK dk ftPb/PD eo'.
5H “;ft; ;zxh gfoPd Bk sK ;dBkswe j? Bk nfXePkswe@ ftt/uB eo'.
6H uhBh rDszso d/ nfXneP (okPNogsh) ns/ Gkos^nwohek d/ okPNogsh dk s[bBkswe ftt/uB eo'.
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)
(1) r (2) e (3) x (4) e (5) r
7H6 ;zdoG g[;seK
7H6 ;zdoG g[;seK
7H6 ;zdoG g[;seK
7H6 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)
7H6 ;zdoG g[;seK
p[e; 1H s[bBkswe Pk;B ns/ okiBhsh^vkH phoe/Pto gq;kd f;zx, frnkB dk gqekPB
(ghH n?Av vhH) 24, dfonkrzi, nz;koh o'v, fd~bh.
2H s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh o{go/yk^Uw gqekP rkpk, w:{o g/go p?e;, B'J/vk.
3H s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK^;hH phH r/Bk ftek; gpfbfPzr jkT{;
gqkH fbH nz;koh o'v, fd~bh.
4H s[bBkswe okiBhsh^i/H ;hH i'joh, ;Nofbzr gpfbPoI gqkH fbH fd~bh.
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