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fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst
nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst L BØN
nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (Proportional Representation)L LL L nfijh u'D gqDkbh fi; ftu wsdksk fJe
nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst
nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst
s' fInkdk T[whdtkoK Bz{ nkgDh–nkgDh g;zd d/ eqw ftu oy ;ed/ jB sK fe (Majority) d/ Bkb Bkb
nbgws (Minority) Bz{ th T[fus gqshfBXhst fdsk ik ;ed/. fJj fJe ifNb gqDkbh j?. fJ;d/ bJh
eJh sohe/ ngDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB i' gq;skfts u'DK d/ fBnw d/ nzsors fBofdPN eo fd~s/ iKd/ jB.
;zxh gfoPd d/ nzsors o{;h ;zx dh 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK ftu'A jo/e d/ d'–d' gqshfBXh Pkwb j[zd/ jB
fi; Bkb fJ; gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 178 j' iKdh j?. fe;/ th rDoki iK nzub d/ gqshfBXh T[E/
dh ekoigkfbek (Executive) ns/ ftXkfJeK d/ w[yh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.
;kXkoD s"o s/ e'Jh th ftX/ne P[o{–P[o{ ftu ;N/N fvT{wk ftu gq;s[s j'Dk ukjhdk j? jkbKfe e[M Bhsh
;zpzXh ftP/ ;zxh gfoPd d/ nfXeko y/so ftu oy/ rJ/ jB. ;N/N fvT{wk ftu gk; j'D s'A pknd jo/e
ftX/ne Bz{ ;zxh gfoPd d/ e'b G/iDk ukjhdk j?. i/eo ;zxh gfoPd fe;/ ftX/ne Bz{ n;theko eo d/t/
sK T[;Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk d/ e'b tkg; G/fink ikJ/rk. T[E/ fJe nk:"r fi; ftu d'tK ;dBK d/ w?Apo Pkfwb
j'Dr/. fJBQK d/ wsG/dK Bz{ d{o eoB dk isB ehsk eo/rk. i/eo ;N/N fvT{wk T[Zu ;dB d/ ;zP'XBK Bz{
n;theko eo d/t/ sK T[j d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb T[; ftX/ne Bz{ d[pkok gk; eoe/ T[Zu ;dB dh fJ~Sk dh
ntj/bBk eo ;edh j?. nfijh jkbs ftu T[; ftX/ne Bz{ ;z;d d[nkok gk; wzfBnk ikt/rk.
;z;d s'A gk; j'D d/ pknd jo/e ftX/ne Bz{ okPNogsh d/ j;skyo d/ bJh G/iDk j[zdk j?. i/ okPNogsh
fe;/ d/ j;skyo eoB s'A fJBeko eo d/t/ sK T[; Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk d/ okPNogsh d/ ;zP'XBK s'A ;fjws j'D
sK T[j T[; Bz{ ;kXkoD pj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk; eo ;edh j?. i/ ;N/N fvT{wk okPNogsh Bkb n;fjws
j't/ sK T[j T[; Bz{ d'–fsjkjh pj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk; eoe/ okPNogsh d/ fBP/XkfXeko (Veto) Bz{ fBo;s
eo ;edh j?. fJjh gqfeqnk ;zxh gfoPd okPNogsh d/ ;zP'XBK Bkb ;fjws j'D sK T[j T[; Bz{ ;kXkoD
pj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk; eo ;edh j?, BjhA sK T[;Bz{ fJE/ th d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb gk; eoBk j't/rk.
i/eo fJj Pos g{oh j' iKdh j? sK gq;s[s ftX/ne Bz{ okPNogsh d/ d[nkok gk; wzfBnk ikJ/rk.
fJ; soQK ftXkfJek Bz{ ft;fsqs PeshnK gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK jB, fco th T[BQK ftu''A eJh soQK Bkb eN"sh
eo fd~sh rJh j?. ;N/N fvT{wk g{oD pj[ws (Absolute Majority) d/ nkXko T[s/ (noEks 226 t'NK dk
nkXko T[s/) nftPtk;–gq;skt (Vote of No-Confidence) gk; eoe/ ;oeko Bz{ frok ;edh j?, gozs{ fJ;
Bz{ fszB wjhB/ d/ nzdo d' tko nfijk gq;skt gk; eoBk j'J/rk, sd jh okPNogsh T[; T[s/ ekotkjh eoB
Bz{ wip{o j'J/rk. nfijh jkbs ftu okPNogsh iK sK BthA ;oeko dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;N/N fvT{wk Bz{ Gzr
eoe/ BthA u'D eokT[D dk nkd/P d/t/rk. Bt/A gqXkB wzsoh ns/ BthA ;oeko dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;N/N fvT{wk
dk nB[;woEB (Ratification) io{oh j'J/rk. i/eo okPNogsh d[nkok gq;skfts T[whdtko Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk fszzB
tko n;theko eo fdzdh j? sK okPNogsh ;N/N fvT{wk Bz{ Gzr eo ;edk j?, ns/ BthA u'D dk nkd/P d/ ;edk
j?L (e) i/eo BthA ;z;d dh u'D s'A pknd fJe ;kb s'A x~N ;wK phfsnk j't/l (y) i/eo ;z;d okPNogsh d/
fto[~X wjkfG:'r (Impeachement) dh ekotkjh P[o{ eo u[eh j't/l (r) i/eo okPNogsh ;zg{oB o{; ftu
nkgksekb (Emergency) dh x'PDk eo u[fenk j't/l iK (x) i/eo okPNogsh dk ekoiekb ;wkgs j'D
ftu S/ wjhB/ s'A x~N ;wK ofjzd/ j't/. T[Xo ;zxh gfoPd okPNogsh d/ fto[ZX sd jh wjkfG:'r ubk ;edh
j? id ;zxh ;Gk d/ d't/A ;dB fJ;d/ gZy ftu t'N d/ u[e/ j'D, ns/ ;otT[u e'oN (Supreme Court) ns/
;zftXkfBe e'oN (Constitutional Court) d't/A fJ; gq;skt s'A ;fjws j'D.

wjkfG:'r
wjkfG:'r (Impeachment)L LL L fJj gqfeqnk fi;d/ nzsors fe;/ d/P d/ okPNogsh, T[gokPNogsh, T[u
wjkfG:'r L
wjkfG:'r
wjkfG:'r
iK ;otT[u e'oN d/ i~i iK fe;/ j'o T[u nfXekoh T[s/ nfsnzs rzGho nko'g brk e/ T[; Bz{ gd s'A jNkT[D
dh ekotkjh ehsh iKdh j?. fJj nko'g d/Pd'qj, GqPNkuko iK ;zftXkB d/ T[bzxD dk j' ;edk j?. wjkfG:'r
T[BQK Bz{ T[u nfXekohnK T[Zs/ ubkfJnk iKdk j? fiBQK dh gd–ntXh (Term of Office) ftXkB wzvb d/
okiBhfse ;woEB (Political Support) T[s/ nkfPqs BjhA j[zdh.
;kXkoD s"o s/ fe;/ d/P d/ T[u nfXekoh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dh Pesh T[E/ d/ ftXkB wzvb
(Legislature) ftu fBfjs ofjzdh j?, ns/ fJ;d/ bJh ng/ys gqfeqnk (Procedure) ;zftXkB dh
ftnt;EktK iK T[BQK Bkb i[Vh gqEktK (Conventions) Bkb fBoXkfos j[zdh j?.

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