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fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
dh ftnt;Ek eo fdZsh rJh, sd ekoiekoh Pesh d/ ;zs[bB ftu nkw{b gfotosD nk frnk. fJ; s'A BØN
gfjbK okPNogsh dk ngqs~y u'D (Indirect Election) j[zdk ;h fi; ftu ;z;d–w?Apo, ftGkrh gfoPdK
(Department council) d/ w?Apo ns/ Brogkfbek gkoPd (Municipal Concillors) ‘fBotkue–rD’
(Electoral College) dh G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ ;B. okPNogsh dh gqs~y u''D dh ftnt;Ek Bkb T[;dh ;~sk
pj[s T[Zuh j' rJh feT[Afe T[j rDoki dk fJe wkso nfijk ftnesh j'J/rk fi; Bz{ ;zg{oB okPNo dh
soc'A fBotkfus ehsk iKdk j?.
fJ;d/ Bshi/ ti'A 1986 se okPNogsh Bz{ ;~sko{V rmpzXB (Governing Coalition) dk ‘t?X’ B/sk wzfBnK
iKdk ;h. T[;dh ;/tk d/ bJh fJe ftPkb ns/ gqGktPkbh nfXekfoszso fsnko ofjzdk ;h, ns/ T[j
;td/P ns/ ftd/P Bhsh d/ fBowkD ftu wj~stg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[Adk ;h. gqXkB wzsoh dh ;fEsh e/
tb ‘;z;dh gqpzXe’ (Parliamentary Manager) dh ofj rJh fi;dk ekoi ;oeko B{z ubkT[D ns/ Bhsh
Bz{ ekfonkftzzs eoBk ;h. gozs{ 1986 ftu id ftg~yh rmpzXB Bz{ B?PBb n;?Apbh ftu pj[ws gqkgs j'
frnk ns/ T[;B/ nkgD/ B/sk ike fuoke Bz{ gqXkB wzsoh B/ x~N s'A x~N ;td/Ph y/so ftu nkgDk f;~ek iwk
fbnk, ns/ okPNogsh B{z ;ze/fse w[yh (Nominal Head) dh ;fEsh ftu gj[zuk fd~sk. 1988 ftu
okPNogsh ns/ B?PBb n;?Apbh dh BthA u'DK j'JhnK fiBQK B/ fJ; ;fEsh T[s/ gNky/g eo fd~sk. 1997
s'A ;wkitkdh gkoNh d/ gqXkB wzsoh ns/ d~yDgzEh rmpzXB d/ okPNogsh d/ ftu ;fjukfosk (Co-
habitation) dh ;fEsh pDh j'Jh j?.
cqK; ftu wzsoh wzvb d/ i' wzsoh okPNogsh ns/ gqXkB wzsoh dh ;/tk ftu ofjzd/ jB, T[BQK dh u'D
okiBhfse nkXko s/ th j' ;edk j?l seBheh :'rsk d/ nkXko T[s/ th j' ;edk j?. ;zftXkB d/ nB[s/d 23
d/ nB[;ko, e'Jh ftnesh ;oeko ftu ezw eod/ j'J/ ;z;d eod/ j'J/ ;z;d–w?Apo BjhA ofj ;edk. ;' B?PBb
n;?Apbh d/ jo/e T[whdtko Bz{ nkgDk fJe nB[g{oenB[g{oe
nB[g{oe
nB[g{oe (Running Mate) wB'Bhs eoBk g?Adk j? sKfe i/ e'Jh
nB[g{oe
;z;d–w?Apo ;oeko ftu wzsoh pD ikt/ iK ;zftXkB gfoPd (Constituinal Council) dk w?Apo pfDnk
ikt/, iK ;hB/N dk w?Apo u[D fbnk ikt/. iK T[;dh w's j' ikJ/ sK T[;dk nB[g{oe T[;d/ gqshfBXh (Deputy)
d/ o{g ftu ekoi eo ;e/.
e[M wkwfbnK ftu cqK; dk wzsohwzvb nwoheh wzsohwzvb Bkb fwbdk i[bdk j? feT[Afe fJ; ftu wkfjoK
(Specialists) Bz{ ofynk iKdk j?. gozs{ e[M j'o wkwbfbnK ftu cqK; dk wzsohwzvb fpqfNP wzsohwzvb Bkb
fwbdk i[bdk j? feT[Afe fJ;d/ w?Apo B?PBb n;?Apbh d/ tkd–fttkd ftu fj~;k b?Ad/ jB. ns/ T[g:[es y/soK
ftu fJ; tkd–fttkd dh nrtkJh th eod/ jBl T[j ;EkJh ;whshnK (Standing Committees) d/ ;kjwD/
jkIo j[zd/ jB, ns/ n;?Apbh d/ w?ApoK d/ fbys s/ w"fye gqPBK d/ T[Zso th fdzd/ jB. cqK;h;h wzsohwzvb d/
w?Apo fJe nfsnzs fBg[D ns/ gqGkPkbh gqPk;fBe ;/tk (Civil Service) d/ fBeN ;fj:'r ftu ekoi eod/ jB.
cqK; d/ 1958 d/ ;zP'XB d/ nzsors ;zftXkB d/ ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment) dh ftnt;Ek th
eo fd~sh rJh j?. fJ;dk fJe sohek fJj j? fe gq;skfts ;zP'XB Bz{ B?PBb n;?Apbh ns/ ;hB/N d/ ;z:[es
nfXt/PB ftu x~N s'A x~N 60 gqshPs pj[ws gqkgs j't/. d{ik sohek fJj j? fe ;zP'XB–ftX/ne Bz{ d't/
A ;dBK ftu fJe jh o{g ftu gkfos eo fd~sk ikt/, ns/ fco T[; T[s/ gfofgqZSk (Referendum) nk:'fis
eoe/ iBsk dk nB[w'dB gqkgs eo fbnk ikt/. fJ;d/ nbktk, nB[S/d 11 d/ nzsors okPNogsh f;XKse
s"o s/ ;oeko iK ;z;d Bz{ fJj p/Bsh eo ;edk j? fe ;zftXkB–;zP'XB iK ;zXh d/ nB[;woEB (Treaty
Ratification) d/ bJh okPNoh gfofgq~Sk (National Referendum) dk nk:'iB ehsk ikt/. 1961 d/
pknd n~m tko nfijh gfofgqSk eokJh ik u[eh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh :[o'gh ;zx (European Union) dh
;EkgBk d/ bJh 1992 ftu wkf;NquN ;zXh (Masstricht Treaty) dk nB[;woEB fJ;/ ftnt;Ek d/
nzsors eokfJnk frnk ;h. 1995 ftu ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 11 ftu ;zP'XB eoe/ okPNogsh dk pj[s
;ko/ ftfPnK T[s/ gfofgq~Sk nk:'fis eokT[D dk nfXeko d/ fd~sk frnk. fJBKQ ftu nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie
Bhsh (Economic and Social Policy) ns/ ;kotifBe ;/tktK (Public Services) Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ftP/ th
;zfwfbs jB. fJ; gqfeqnk ftu ;[o~fynk dh fdqPNh Bkb fJj ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fe id okPNogsh
fe;/ ftP/ T[s/ gfofgq~Sk (Referendum) d/ nk:'iB dh wzr eodk j?, sd ;z;d Bz{ T[; ftP/P T[s/ tkd–
fttkd eoB dk nfXeko j[zdk j?.

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