Page 201 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN j'J/ nfXekoK (Civil Rights), fBotkuB ekB{zBK (Electoral Laws), okPNoheoB (Nationalization)
ns/ dzv ftnt;Ek Bkb i[V/ j'J/ wkwfbnK (Penal matters) ftu. gozs{ f;fynk, Pqw ekBz{B (Labour
Law), okPNo ofynk ;zrmB (National Defence Organization), ;EkBe Pk;B (Local Govern-
ment) ns/ ;wkfie ;[ofynk (Social Security) d/ y/so ftu T[j e/tb wkor–doPe f;XKs (Guide-
lines) iK w{b f;XKs (Principles) jh fBoXkos eo ;edh j?. Bhsh (Policy) Bkb i[V/ j'J/ j'o y/soK
ftu ;oeko Bz{ ekoiekoh nkfrnk (Executive Decree) d/ wkfXnw Bkb ekBz{B pDkT[D dh Pesh gqkgs
j?. nkgD/ nfXeko y/so ftu nzdo th ;z;d ;w/A–;w/A s/ ekoiekoh Pkyk Bz{ fBofdPN ;w/A d/ bJh fJj
nfXeko d/ ;edh j? fe T[j nfXnkd/PK (Ordinances) d/ wkfXnw Bkb Pk;B ubk ;edh j?, fiBQK T[s/
okPNogsh d/ gqshj;skyo (Counter signature) j'D/ ukjhdh jB.
fco, nB[S/d 47 d/ nzsors cqK; dh ;z;d Bz{ ;kbkBk piN T[s/ tkd–fttkd ns/ wsdkB eoB d/ bJh f;oc
70 fdB dk ;w/A fd~sk frnk j?. fJj ;wK phs ikD T[s/ ;oeko nfXnkd/P (Ordinance) ikoh eoe/ T[;
piN Bz{ bkr{ eo ;edh j?. j'o ftX/ne (Bills) d/ wkwb/ ftu ;oeko nkgDh ‘fizw/tkoh’ (Responsibility)
dh PgE b? e/ ‘frb'fNB’ dh gqfeqnk bkr{ eo ;edh j?. nfijh jkbs ftu 24 xzN/ d/ nzdo T[; ftX/ne
Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk tkd–fttkd nkgD/ nkg ;wkgs j' iKdk j?, Pos fJj j? fe T[; T[s/ ftg~y dh soc'A
fBzdk gq;s[s (Vote of Censure) gkfos B eo fd~sk ikt/. ekoigkfbek fJj wzr th eo ;edh j? fe
gq;s[s ftX/ne T[s/ fe;/ th ;zP'XB Bz{ ;theko Bk ehsk ikJ/. ns/ T[;d/ ;zg{oB gkm (Full Text) T[s/
fJe–;kE wsdkB eok fd~sk ikt/.

w{b s"o s/ nB[S/d 28 d/ nzsors fJj ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh ;h fe ;z;d fJe ;kb ftu f;oc d' tko
fInkdk s'A fInkdk 170 fdB d/ bJh nkgDk nfXt/PB p[bk ;edh j?. fJ; ;w/A d/ pkjo ;oeko nkfrnkfgs
d/ wkfXnw Bkb Pk;B ubk ;edh ;h. gozs{ nr;s, 1995 ftu ;zftXkB dk ;zP'XB eoe/ fJj ftnt;Ek
eo fdZsh rJh fe ;z;d dk nfXt/PB nes{po s'A i{B se brksko B" wjhB/ ub/rk, ns/ wzsohnK Bz{ jcs/
ftu fJe tko ;z;dh gqPBK dk T[Zso d/Dk j'J/rk.
ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs
ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs (The Executive : Composition and Functions)LL LL L cqK; dh
ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs
ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs
ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs
ekoigkfbek PeshPkbh wzBh iKdh j?. fJ;dh Pesh dk gq:'r okPNogsh (President) ns/ gqXkBwzsoh
(Universal Adult Suffrage) gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk j?. i/ gfjbh tko fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ g{oB pj[ws gqkgs
BjhA j[zdk sK u'D ftu ;G s'A T[Zuk n;EkB gqkgs eoB tkb/ i' d' T[whdtko fco s'A w[ekpbk eoBk ukj[zd/
j'D, T[BQK ftu'A d' jcs/ pknd d[pkok u'D eokJh iKdh j?. fJ; ftu fi; Bz{ gfjbk n;EkB gqkgs j[zdk
j?, T[; Bz{ okPNogsh u[D fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK cqK; dk okPNogsh th T[E'A dh iBsk dk gqs~y gqshfBXh
j[zdk j? fi; Bkb T[;dh Pesh Bz{ ftP/P t?Xsk (Legitimacy) gqkgs j[zdh j?.
id e'Jh okPNogsh u[D fbnk iKdk j? sK T[j oki d/ w[yh (Head of State) d/ Bkb–Bkb ;P;so ;?BktK
d/ gqXkB ;?Bkgsh (Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Force) dk gd th ;zGkb b?Adk j?. okPNogsh
dh n"gukfoe PeshnK nfsnzs ft;fsqs jB. T[; Bz{ gqXkB wzsoh Bz{ u[DB (Selection) dk nfXeko j?l
T[j wzsoh–gfoPd (Council of Ministers) iK wzsohwzvb (Cabinet) dh p?meK dh gqXkBsk eodk j?l
;oekoh ftX/neK T[s/ gqshj;skyo (Countersign) eodk j?l ftd/Ph ;zXhnK d/ bJh tkosk ubkT[Adk j?l
gfofgqSk (Referendum) d/ bJh gfjb eodk j?. fJ; B?PBb n;?Apbh Bz{ Gzr eoe/ BthA u'D eok ;edk
j?, Pos fJj j? fe T[j fJ; Bz{ fJe ;kb ftu fJe tko Gzr eo ;edk j?.

Nk;e gfofgq~Sk (Referendum) s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 20 ns/ 21 ftu nfijk gqshs j[zdk j? fe x~N s'A x~N ;td/Ph y/so (Domestic Field)
ftu Bhsh–fBowkD d/ fBnzsoD dk nzfsw ;{so gqXkB wzsoh ns/ wzsoh gfoPd d/ jZEK ftu ofjzdk j?.
gozs{ nes{po, 1962 d/ ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB d/ nzsors id okPNogsh d/ gqsZy u'D (Direct Election)

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