Page 245 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN j?. fJ; bJh fJ; Bz{ S~fvnk BjhA ikDk ukjhdk. T[dkjoD bJh, fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u d' dbK dk
j'Dk jh okiBhfse ftt;Ek, okiBhfse dbK dk fBotkuB gqDkbhnK pko/ pj[s e[M s~E gq;s[s eo fdzdk
j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;koN'oh db gqDkbhnK d/ torheoD ft~u ;zfynk d/ nkXko Bz{ GqKshg{oD wzB e/
th fJ; nkXko Bz{ fsnkrD s'A fJBeko eodk j?.

pb"Dv/b B/ th dbh gqDkbhnK d/ torheoD d/ nkXkoK s/ uouk ehsh j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko th e/tb ;zfynk
Bz{ d/y e/ fe;/ d/P dh db gqDkbh d/ ;o{g fBoXkoD dh e'fPP nX{oh j?. Uj db gqDkbh d/ tk;sfte o{g,
T[; dh gqfeqsh, T[;d/ ftek; dh ;fEsh ns/ dbK d/ gqshwkfBs ;zpzXK Bz{ torheoD dk nkXko wzBdk j?.
gqzs{ T[;dk wzBDk j? fe dbK ft~u J/BhnK ftftXsktK ns/ ft~fusosktK jB fe e/tb fJBK nkXkoK s/ ehsk
frnk torheoD ftP/P T[g:'rh BjhA ofjzdk j?. fJ; bJh Uj fJBK nkXkoK d/ Bkb e[M j'o b~SDK Bz{ th
i'VB dh r~b efjzdk j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko fBwBfbfys s~E th db gqDkbh d/ gqeko d/ fB:kwe j[zd/ jB^
(1) okiBhfse dbK dh feqnk ebkg dh fdqPNh Bkb rDBk ns/ d/P dh okiBhsh ft~u UBK dh G{fwek.
(2) okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u db dh Pesh, fJ; Pesh d/ wkg ft~u db dh w?Apo ;zfynk, wsdkB gqshPs
ns/ ftt;Ekfgek ft~u T[; Bz{ gqkgs ;EkBK dh ;zfynk Bz{ nkXko pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.
(3) dbK ft~u ftukoXkok ;zpzXh nzso.
(4) dbK d/ ;woEB dk nkXko.
(5) dbK dk ;zrmB.
pb"Dv/b B/ fJBK gzi s~sK d/ nkXko s/ db ftt;EktK d/ gqi gqeko wzB/ jB. fJj jB^ fJ~edbh, d'dbh,
YkJh dbh, fJ~e db gqXkB pj[^dbh ns/ pj[ dbh :'r db gqDkbhnK. pb"Dv/b dk fJj torheoD ftP/P
gfoP[ZXsk :[es BjhA j?. fJ; ft~u powk, uhB ns/ w?e;he' fJ~e dbh gqDkbh d/ tor ft~u jh o~y/ ikDr/, id'A
fe fJBK fszBK jh okiK ft~u db dhnK rshftXhnK pj[s fGzBsk o~ydhnK jB.
db gqDkbh d/ noE ns/ dbK d/ db^gqDkbhnK ft~u torheoD d/ nkXkoK dk ftt/uB eod/ ;w/A fJj r~b
;gPN j' ikdh j? fe db ftt;Ek dk ;ot;zws noE BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ;/ soK db ftt;Ek d/
torheoD d/ nkXkoK s/ th ftdtkBK ft~u wsG/d ft~fdnkwkB jB.

n?bB pkb dk torheoD
n?bB pkb dk torheoD
n?bB pkb dk torheoD (Alan Ball’s Classification)
n?bB pkb dk torheoD
n?bB pkb dk torheoD
n?bB pkb d/ nB[;ko, db g~XshnK d/ eJh torheoD ;zGt jB. ukj/ e'Jh th torheoD n;hA gq:'r
ft~u fbnkJhJ/, fJ; ft~u iKu eoD dh r~b f;oc J/Bh j? fe Uj torheoD ;kBz{ nfij/ fBu'VK s~e gj[zukJ/
, i' ;jh ns/ ;{uBkgqd j'D.T[;d/ nB[;ko db ftt;EktK dh pj[s t~vh ;zfynk j'D d/ ekoD torheoD
dh e'Jh th :'iBk fpbe[b ;jh BjhA j't/rh. torheoD d/ nkXkoK dh nB/esk d/ ekoD th db ftt;EktK
d/ torheoD ft~u fJj g/uhdrhnK T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB. dbK dk ;zukbB db g~XshnK d/ nzsors j[zdk j?
ns/ g~Xsh dk gqeko dbK d/ nkuoD s/ pj[s rfjok n;o gkUAdk j?. fit/A ;[;gPN ftukoXkok tkb/ e/
Adohfeqs, nB[Pkf;s okiBhfse db dk d' dbh g~Xsh iK pj[ dbh g~Xsh d/ nzsors nb~r nb~r nkuoD
j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh db ftt;EktK dk torheoD e/tb gqsh:'rh dbK dh ;zfynk d/ nkXko s/ eoD ft~u
th ekch ;ktXkBhnK o~yDhnK Io{oh jB. t~v/ dbK dh ;zfynk ;wkB j[zd/ j'J/ th db ftt;EktK ft~u
wj~stg{oD nzso j[zd/ jB. fJ; soK, i/eo n;hA d'dbh, pj[ dbh ns/ fJ~e dbh ftt;EktK d/ ft~u nzso
eohJ/, sK fpqfNP ns/ nwohek db g~XshnK fJ~e tor ft~u nkUDrhnK ns/ pj[ dbh g~XshnK j'D d/
ekoD fJNbh ns/ ;thvB ft~u db g~XshnK Bz{ fJ~em/ torhfeqs eoD dh rbsh ehsh ikt/rh, ns/ o{;,
sBikBhnk ns/ powk dh fJ~e dbh gqDkbhnK Bz{ fJ~e jh ykB/ ft~u o~y fd~sk ikt/rk.o{;, sBikBhnk ns/
powk dhnK g~XshnK Bz{ fJ~e gqeko dk wzBDk fJ~e dbh g~Xsh d/ ;kXkoD b~SDK d/ ftP/ ft~u ;jh frnkB

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