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fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
d/yD s/ fpqN/B ns/ nwohek dh d' dbh g~Xsh ft~u th nzso fdykJh fdzd/ jB. fJ; bJh gqsh:'rh db BØN
gqDkbh ft~u th nB/eK gqeko d/ db g~Xsh gqshwkB gfjukD/ ik ;ed/ jB.
bk gkbzpkok ns/ thBo B/ gqsh:'rh db g~Xsh dk, dbK dhnK nzdo{Bh ftP/PsktK ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek
ft~u ;oeko T[Zs/ fB:zsoD pDkJ/ o~yD dh ftXh d/ nkXko s/ T[g^g~XshnK ft~u torheoD ehsk j?.
okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ d[nkok ;~sk dh ndb pdb fe; ;hwk s~e j[zdh j?, fJ; nkXko
s/ db g~XshnK d' gqeko dhnK wzBhnK rJhnK jB. fJBK B/ fJj d' g~XshnK^ T[bND:'r db g~XshnK
(turnover party systems) ns/ nkfXgsh db g~XshnK (hegemonic party systems) w'fbe nzsoK
tkbhnK d~;hnK jB.gqzs{ fJj d't/A gqeko dhnK g~XshnK d' d' o{g o~y ;edhnK jB. dbK dhnK nzdo{Bh
ftP/PsktK d/ nkXko s/ fJBK ft~u'A jo fJ~e g~Xsh ft~u iK sK ftukoXkok dk gqXkBheoD j' ;edk j? iK
cbw{besk dk I'o j' ;edk j?.fJ; bJh fJBK d'jK nkXkoK s/ okiBhfse dbK dhnK gqsh:'rh db g~XshnK
Bz{ uko gqeko dhnK T[g^g~XshnK ft~u torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?.fJj uko gqeko dhnK T[g^Pq/DhnK fJ;
soK jB^
(1) nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK
(2) nkfXgsh^cbw{be db g~XshnK
(3) T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK
(4) T[bND:'r^cbw{be db g~XshnK
nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^ fi; db g~Xsh ft~u e/Adoh gqft~sh ftukoXkok dh j?,ns/ ;~sko{V
nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^
nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^
nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^
nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^
db iK dbK dk fwfbnk i[fbnk ;w{j bzph ntXh s~e ;oeko s/ fB:zsoD o~ydk j?, nfijh db g~Xsh Bz{
nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~Xsh fejk iKdk j?. nfijh g~Xsh ft~u ;~sko{V db iK dbK d/ rmpzXB pko pko
u[Bkth gqsh:'frsk d/ d[nkok ;~sk ft~u nkgD/ nkg Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yD dh nt;Ek ft~u ofjzdk j?.nwohek ft~u
fBT{ vhb (New deal) ns/ c/no vhb (Fair deal) d/ ;w/A nfijh db^g~Xsh ojh ;h. ftPt :[ZX s'A
pknd ikgkB dh okiBhsh ft~u fbpob db dk SkfJnk ofjDk, j[D s~e Bkot/ ft~u v?w'eq/fNe ;'Pfb;N db
dk ;oeko s/ fB:zsoD ns/ ;[szsosk s'A pknd eKro; db dk 30 ;kbK s~e brksko ;~sk ft~u pfDnk
ofjDk, fJBK d/PK dhnK db g~XshnK Bz{ nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~Xsh dh Pq/Dh ft~u fbnk fdzdk j?.
nkfXgsh^cbw{be db g~XshnK^ fJBK ft~u e/Adoh gqftq~sh sEkswesk t~b M[eh ofjzdh j?.fJBK ft~u okiBhfse
db bzph ntXh s~e ;~sk ft~u pD/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ okiBhfse db ftek; d/ wkor s/ wzEo rsh Bkb ubd/ jB
feUAfe nfijhnK g~XshnK ft~u dbK Bz{ s/Ih Bkb n~r/ tXkUD tkbh Pesh d/ o{g ft~u ftukoXkok dh gq/oDk
dk nGkt ofjzdk j?. nwohek ft~u 1896 s'A 1932 s~e fogpbheB db nfijh g~Xsh pD frnk ;h.
T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^
T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^
T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^
T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^
T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^ fJBK ft~u dbK dh e/Adoh gqftq~sh ftukoXkok dh ofjzdh j?, gqzs{ ;~sk
ft~u dbK dh ibdh ibdh ndbk pdbh j[zdh ofjzdh j?.fJ; soK dhnK g~XshnK ft~u ;wki d' iK nB/e
ftukoXkok nk:kwK ft~u pokpo pokpo ftGkfis ofjzdk j? fi; Bkb e'Jh th db nkgDh ftukoXkok d/
nB[;ko pDkJhnK rJhnK BhshnK Bz{ Pk;B szso d/ wkfXnw Bkb feqnKfts eoBk n;zGt gkUAdk j?, ns/
fJ~e s'A pknd d{ik db ;~sk ft~u nkUD s/ T[; d/ g{ottosh db d[nkok bkr{ ehshnK rJhnK ftukoe
BhshnK Bz{ T[bND dh e'fPP eodk j?.nfijh db g~XshnK ft~u ;~sko{V db iK dbK dh j/ok c/oh w"fbe
T[Eb g[Eb ns/ ybpbh T[sgzB eo fdzdh j?.nfij/ ftukoe db i' ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okihfse
gfotosB Bkb gqshp~X j'D, gfotosB d/ ;EkB s/ nkfXgsh nt;Ek ukj[Dr/ gqzs{ gfo;fEshnK nfijk
eoD ft~u t~vh pkXk pD e/ yVhnK j' iKdhnK jB. cqK; dh db ftt;Ek fJ;/ soK dh j?.
T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^
T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^
T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^
T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^
T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^ fJBK ft~u okiBhfse db pko pko ;~sk ft~u nkUd ikD dh e/Adoh
gqftq~sh d/ ekoD, ;~sk ft~u nkUAd/ jh s/Ih Bkb n~r/ tXD dk ekoieqw ngDkUAd/ jB. nfijh g~Xsh tkb/
okiBhfse dbK ft~u ftukfoe wsG/d nkXkoG{s BjhA j[zd/ jB. ;kXkoD gfo;fEshnK ft~u nwohek ns/
fpqN/B d/ okiBhfse db fJ; gqeko dh Pq/Dh ft~u o~y/ ik ;ed/ jB.
gqsh:'rh db g~Xsh dhnK fJBK T[g^Pq/DhnK s'A ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse db dh ftukoe, cbw{be iK
nkfXgsh ns/ T[bND:'r gqfeqsh ;kBz{ dbK dh nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ftek; ft~u G{fwek

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