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fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek
dk gfou/ d/Dk BjhA j't/rk. fJ; bJh db ftt;EktK d/ torheoD ft~u ;ktXkBhnK ns/ ;soesktK o~y BØN
e/ jh T[g:'rh torheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?. torheoD d/ nkXkoK Bz{ ftnkge ns/ ;[fBPfus pDk e/ jh
torheoD eoBk j't/rk. n?bB pkb B/ dbK dh ;zfynk, UBk dh ;zouBk ns/ UBk dh skes d/ ;[fBPfus
nkXko b? e/ fBwBfbfys db ftt;EktK d~;hnK jB^ (1) n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK (indistinct party
systems), (2) ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK (distinct two party systems), (3) ekoiekoh pj[ dbh
g~XshnK (working multi-party systems), (4) n;fEo pj[ dbh g~XshnK (unstable multi-party
systems), (5) gqGkth db g~XshnK (dominant party systems), (6) fJ~e dbh g~XshnK (one party
systems), (7) ;otkfXekoh fJ~e dbh g~XshnK (totalitarian one party systems).
(1)
(1) n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK
(1) n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ft~u dbh ftukoXkok T[Zs/ x~N pb fd~sk ikdk j?, nfXeqfwe ;zouBk dk
(1) n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK
(1) n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK
nGkt ns/ wsK Bz{ fi~sD d/ ezwK s/ fXnkB e/Adfos ehsk ikdk j?. fJ; g~Xsh ft~u db e/Adohfeqs j[zd/
jB ns/ e[M Pq/PmiBK Bz{ n~r/ tXkUD dh EK ftneshrs r[DK s/ nkXkfos fynksh T[Zs/ nfXe fBoGo
ofjzd/ jB. ;z:[es oki nwohek ns/ nkfJob?Av dhnK db g~XshnK Bz{ n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK fejk
ik ;edk j?.
(2) ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK
(2) ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ft~u db nfXe e/Adohfeqs j[zd/ jB. g~Sw iowBh ns/ nk;No/bhnk dh
(2) ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK
(2)
(2)
;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK
;zxh g~XshnK d/ nzsors th fJjh ;fEsh j?. Uj db, ftfPPN Xkofwe ifNbsktK Bz{ b? e/ torK s/
nkXkfos j'D dh gqftq~sh o~yd/ jB. fJ; g~Xsh d/ nzsors u[Bkth bVkJh ft~u ftukoXkok dh N~eo
okiBhsh Bz{ e[M nfXe ;o; pDk fdzdh j?. fJBK g~XshnK ft~u ;z;dh ;so s/ nbgws dbK dk
n;fs~st Io{o ofjzdk j?, gqzs{ fJBK S'N/ dbK d/ ;woEB ;fjs iK fpBK fJBK d/ ;woEB d/, d' t~v/ dbK
ft~u'A fJ~e nkgDh ;fEo ;oeko pDkUD ft~u ;woE jz[dk j?. nkw s"o s/ ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ft~u
;oeko nrb/ ftftX u[Bkt s~e iK gqXkBwzsoh d/ ftXkB wzvb Bz{ Gzr eoD d/ g~y ft~u j'D s~e pDh
ofjzdh j?. fJ; soK g~Sw iowBh ft~u coh v?w'eq/N;, nk;No/bhnk ft~u ezNoh gkoNh ns/ fpqN/B ft~u
fbpob gkoNh fijhnK shihnK gkoNhnK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th fJBK d/PK dhnK d' dbh g~XshnK d/ Io{oh b~SDK
ft~u rVpVh g?dk BjhA j' ;eh j?. fJ; bJh fpqN/B, g~Sw iowBh ns/ nk;No/bhnk ;[;gPN d' dbh
ftt;Ek dhnK T[dkjoDK ej/ ik ;ed/ jB.
(3) ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK Uj db g~XshnK jB i' d' s'A nfXe db tkbhnK j[zd/ j'J/ th ;gPN d'
(3)
(3) ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK
(3)
(3) ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK
dbh g~XshnK d/ ;wkB nkuoD o~ydhnK jB. yk; s"o s/ ;oekoK dh ;fEosk d/ ;zpzX ft~u. fJ; soK
;thvB ns/ Bkot/ ft~u ;'Pb v?w'eq/fNe gkoNhnK jB fiBK dk fto'X T[dkotkdh, fe;kB, nB[dkotkdh,
feqPfunB gkoNhnK fijhnK eJh e/Ado s'A ;~i/ dhnK gkoNhnK eodhnK jB. gqzs{ p[fBnkdh ;fEsh fJjh
ofjzdh j? fe iK sK ;'Pb v?w'eq?NK dh ;oeko pDdh j?, fi; Bz{ ;z;d ft~u ezw ubkUD bJh pj[ws gqkgs
j' iKdk j?, iK Bkot/ dh soK e/Ado s'A ;~i/ dhnK gkoNhnK dh ;fEo Pkfwb ;oeko pD iKdh j?. fJ; bJh
;thvB ns/ Bkot/ ft~u ekoiekoh pj[dbh g~XshnK ejhnK ik ;edhnK jB.
(4) n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK
(4) n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK ft~u ;oeko dh ;fEosk dk nGkt j[zdk j?. nfijhnK g~XshnK tkb/ okiK
(4)
(4)
(4) n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK
ft~u ;oekoK nfXeso e/Ado dhnK gkoNhnK d/ Bkb ;KM/dkoh Bkb pDdhnK jB, fiBK dk fto'X d~yD
ns/ tkw dhnK gkoNhnK eodhnK jB. fJ; soK dh db g~Xsh dk ;ot^T[Zsw T[dkjoD fJNbh ft~u
fwbdk j?. fJNbh dh ;z;d ft~u x~N s'A x~N n~m gkoNhnK dk gqshfB~Xst ofjzdk j? ns/ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX
s'A pknd n~i s~e (1977) e'Jh th gkoNh pj[ws ft~u BjhA nk ;eh j?. feqPfunB v/w'eq/N db ;G s'A
t~vk db j?. fJ; bJh fJjh ;oeko pDkUD tkbh gkoNh ofj rJh j?, fi; B/ ‘;~i/’ iK ‘y~p/’ t~b M[ehnK
j'JhnK S'NhnK gkoNhnK d/ Bkb ;KM/dkohnK ft~u fJNbh dk Pk;B ubkfJnk j?. nfijh dbh g~XshnK
tkb/ okiK ft~u ;oekoK dk gsB ibdh ibdh j[zdk ofjzdk j? gqzs{ fJ~e ;oeko d/ gsB s'A pknd E'V/ ;w/
A ft~u jh d{ih ;oeko pD iKdh j?. fJj d{ih ;oeko brGr T[; g{ottosh ;oeko, fi;d/ gsB B/
fJ;d/ rmB dh gfo;fEsh g?dk ehsh ;h, dh soK jh j[zdh j?.
(5) gqGkth db g~XshnKgqGkth db g~XshnK
(5) gqGkth db g~XshnK
(5) gqGkth db g~XshnK
(5)
(5) gqGkth db g~XshnK Uj g~XshnK jB, fiBK d/ nzsors db gqsh:'frsk u~bD fd~sh iKdh j? gqzs{ fJ~e
db dk T[d/ j[zdk j?, i' d{i/ ;G dbK s/ Sk iKdk j?.Gkos gqGkth db g~Xsh dk fJ~e uzrk T[dkjoD j?^
nkIkdh s'A pknd s'A 1977 s~e okPNoh ;so s/ Gkosh okPNoh eKro; jh fJ~e wkso Pk;e db j?.
pj[s ;ko/ d{i/ db th w"i{d jB ns/ UBK Bz{ gqGkth db Bkb y[~bh gqsh:'frsk dh S{N fd~sh rJh j?. fJ~E'A
s~e fe e[M fJ~e S'N/ dbK B/ eJh Gkosh okiK d/ Pk;B T[Zs/ id^sd fB:zsoD th ehsk j?. w?ef;e' ft~u
th nfijh jh g~Xsh j?.fJ~E/ ‘gkfsod' o/t'fbT{PB/ohU fJz;NhfNT{PBb’ (PRI) B/ 1917 s'A e'Jh th

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