Page 276 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrsk
fJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrsk
fJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrsk
fJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrsk
fJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrsk
12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs
12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs BØN
12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs
12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs
12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs (Development and
Theory of Representation System)
gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek;
gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; L^
L^
L^
gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; (Growth of the Representation System) L^ L^
gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek;
gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek;
wKN/;feT
wKN/;feT{
wKN/;feT
wKN/;feT
wKN/;feT (Montesqieu) d/ ftuko ft~u ftP[ZX gqshfBXh dh ebgBk nkX[fBe j?. gqkuhB ekb d/ b'eK
Bz{ ftP[ZX gqshfBXh dh ebgBk BjhA ;h. okik jh ekBz{B pDkUAdk ;h. i/eo ed/ ;w{j fJ~emk j[zdk th ;h
o{;'
sK Uj iBsk dk j[zdk ;h, T[;d/ gqshfBXhnK dk BjhA. o{;'o{;'
o{;' (Rousseau) dk th efjDk j? fe gqshfBfX~st
o{;'
dh ebgBk nkX[fBe j?, fJ;dh T[sgsh dk ekoD ;oekoK dh ;t/Skukfosk ;h.fco th fejk ik ;edk j?
fe gqkuhB gqiksKsfoe okiK ft~u fJ; dh E'Vh pj[s P[o{nks j' u[eh ;h.gqzs{ w~XekbhB :[~r ft~u fJj ;gPN
o{g Bkb fqdqPNhr'uo j'D b~rh. id'A e[M okfinK Bz{ XB dh Io{os j[zdh ;h, sK Uj eoko'D d/ ;zpzX ft~u
;bkj b?D bJh e[M iB^gqshfBXhnK Bz{ nkwszsfos eod/ ;B.gqshfBXhnK d/ ;w{j B/ j'bh j'bh gqshfBXh
;z;Ek dk o{g rqfjD eo fbnk. fi; Bz{ fJzrb?Av ft~u ;z;d (Parliament), cqK; ft~u ;N/N; iBob
(Estates General) ns/ ikgkB ft~u vkfJN (Diet) fejk iKdk ;h.fJBK ;z;EktK ns/ okfinK ftueko
;dhnK s~e ;zxoP ubdk fojk. okfinK dh Pesh ewI'o g?D b~rh ns/ gqshfBXh ;z;EktK dh Pesh tXD
b~rh. 1213 JhH ft~u fJ; gqeko dh ;Gk p[bkJh rJh. 1256 JhH ft~u p?oBK d/ fti/ ;~sk^;kJhwB^v/
w'ANc'oN (Simon de-Montford) B/ ;z;d dh p?me p[bkJh fi; ft~u ;kwzsK, gkdohnK ns/ ekT{ANhnK d/
gqshfBXhnK s'A fJbktk 21 BroK (Borughs) s'A th d' d' gqshfBXh nkwzsfos j'J/. gfjbh tko ;z;d dh
gqshfBfXnkswe gqfeqsh Bz{ fJzBk ftnkge ns/ eqKshekoh o{g fd~sk frnk. 1295 JhH ft~u n?vtov gqEw
B/ ;z;d dh p?me p[bkJh. fJj fJfsjk; ft~u ‘nkdoP ;z;d* (Model Parilament) d/ BK Bkb ftfynks
j?, feUAfe 400 ftneshnK dh fJ; ;Gk ft~u nkw s"o s/ ;ko/ gqw[~y torK^p?oB, gkdoh, BkJhN, Bro
nkfd Bz{ gqshfBfX~st fwfbnk. fJ; s'A fpqfNP ftt;Ek dk fJj fJ~e ;EkJh ns/ Io{oh nzr pD rJh.fJ;
s'A pknd, fNT{vo ns/ ;N{noN ekb ft~u ;zftXkfBe ns/ okiBhfse eqKshnK ubdhnK ojhnK, fi;d/
cb;o{g, ;z;d j'o fInkdk PeshPkbh ns/ gqshfBfXnkswe j[zdh rJh. nmkothA Pskpdh ft~u ;wokN
fJ~e ;zftXkfBe gqXkB wkso ofj frnk ns/ ;z;d g{oh soK ;kotG"w j' rJh. 19thA ns/ toswkB Pskpdh
ft~u fJj ftek; g{oD j' frnk.
fJzrb?Av ft~u P[o{ s'A jh ;z;d dk o{g nKfPe o{g ft~u gqshfBfXnkswe (Representative) fojk j?, feUAfe
BroK ns/ ;kwzsK d/ gqshfBXh fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ft~u u[D/ ikd/ ;B.fJzrb?Av d/ bJh gqshfBfX~st dk f;XKs
e'Jh BtK f;XKs BjhA ;h. ;z;d s'A gfjbK ;EkfBe ;z;EktK ft~u fJ; dk gq:'r j'D b~rk ;h. ;z;d d/
;zpzX ft~u fJ; dk w~X:[r ft~u j'fJnk. fJj efjDk rbs j't/rk fe gqshfBfX~st g~Xsh dk T[/d/ iowBh
d/ izrbK ft~u ns/ ftek; ;?e;B :[r d/ fJzrb?Av ft~u j'fJnk, fi; Bz{ pknd ft~u ;z;dh ;z;EktK B/
ngDkfJnk. w~X:[rh ;z;d dh ;d;~sk nfXeko dh pikJ/ efmB ns/ d[ydkJh ;h, e?d ns/ j~fsnk dk vo
pfDnk ofjzdk ;h, ;d;~sk fe;/ d/ f;o s/ Ipod;sh wVh iKdh ;h. fJ; bJh ;~uh gqshfBfXnkswe ;oeko
dh ;EkgBk toswkB ekb ft~u j'Jh. gqzs{ fJ; dh BhAj ftqfjs ;Gk ft~u ekT{ANh ns/ p"oK Bz{ gqshfBfX~st
d/D Bkb jh g? u[eh ;h. fJ; d/ T[d/ dk ekoD ;[szsosk ns/ ;t?Pk;B d/ gqsh gq/w BjhA, pbfe okfink
dh eo gqkgs eoD dh Pesh dk fto'X ;h.
fJzrb?Av dh soK j'o d/PK ft~u gqshfBXh ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh ns/ Pesh j;sKsfos eoD bJh
;zxoP nkozG j'fJnk. cqK; dh wjkB eqKsh (glorious Revolution) B/ gqshfBfXnkswe gqDkbh dh
;EkgBk dh fdPk ft~u fJ~e wjkB ;zxoP ehsk. nwoheh T[gfBt/PK B/ ‘fpBK gqshfBfX~st d/ eo BjhA*
(No taxation without repesentation) dk Bkok brkfJnk ns/ nzs ft~u b'eszsoh gqshfBfXnkswe
;oeko dh ;EkgBk ft~u ;cb j'J/. ftPt d/ j'o d/PK ft~u th gqshfBfXnkswe ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk bJh
nzd'bB j'J/. fJ;dk Bshik fJj fB~efbnk fe b'eszsoh ns/ nfXBkfJetkdh d/PK ft~u ;wkB o{g Bkb
gqshfBfXnkswe gqDkbh ngDkJh ik ojh j?.

gqkuhB ns/ w[rbekbhB Gkos ft~u dopko gqEk d/ nzsors ikrhodkoK ns/ ;kwzsK Bz{ nkwzsfos ehsk iKdk
;h, go UBK Bz{ gqshfBXh dh EK gqkgs BjhA ;h. 1857 JhH d/ ftdo'j s'A pknd fpqfNP ;oeko B/ th fJj

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