Page 281 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN (Leaders) ns/ iB^;kXkoD (Public) dk ;zpzX ;zo~fyne (Patron) ns/ ;/tkoEh (Client) d/ ;zpzXK dk
o{g XkoD eo b?Adk j/. wsbp fJj fe B/sk nkgD/ gqGkt dk gq:'r eoe/ nkgD/ ;woEeK Bz{ ;[o~fynk dh
GktBk (Sense of Security) gqdkB eod/ jB, ns/ ;oeko t~b'A UBK Bz{ e[M p[fBnkdh ;/tktK (Basic
Amenities)^fit/A fe fpibh, gkDh, okPB ekov, ;e{b, j;gskb nkfd T[gbpX eokUD dh ftt;Ek
eod/ jB. fJ; d/ pdb/ ft~u UBK d/ ;woEe UBK d/ ib;/^ib{;, o?bhnK nkfd ft~u Pkfwb j'D ns/ u[Bkt
d/ ;w/A UBK Bz{ t'N d/D bJh fsnko ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soK n;b ft~u, iB^;kXkoD ns/ S'N/ t~v/ B/sktK
ftueko ;zo~fyne^;/tkoEh dh bVh pD iKdh j?. fJ; d/ wkfXnw Bkb okiBhfse y/so d/ gqGktPkbh b'eK
Bz{ soK soK d/ ftP/PkfXeko (Privileges)^fit/A fe e'Nk, gofwN, bkJh;?A;, ;pf;vh ns/ m/e/ (Contracts)
tzv/ iKd/ jB. nfij/ b'e nkgD/ feqgkgksoK d/ ;woEB d/ pdb/ ;~sk d/ dbkbK (Power Brokers) dh G{fwek
fBGkUAd/ jB. fJ; soK nfXeKP okiBhfse rshftXhnK S'N/^t~v/ B/sktK ns/ UBK d/ ;woEeK ftueko
b?d^d/D dk ;"dk pD iKdhnK jB, fi; Bkb fGqPNkuko Bz{ tXktk fwbdk j?.
‘;/tkoEhtkd* dk ftuko nB/eK ftukoPhb d/PK ft~u nB[Gt d/ nkXko s/ gq;s[s ehsk frnk j?.;qhbzek ft~u
oki ;z;kXB fiBK ;ziksh ;w{jK (Ethnic Groups) d/ B/sktK dh gj[zu bJh nkgD/ gqGkt dk gq:'r eod/
jB, UBK d/ nB[:kJh Bk e/tb UBK d/ ;zrmB ft~u Pkfwb j[zd/ jB, ns/ UBK dhnK ;GktK ft~u t~vh ;zfynk
ft~u T[g;fEs j[zd/ jB, pbfe u[Bkt ft~u ;G d/ ;G UBK Bz{ fJ~em/ t'N th fdzd/ jB.Gkos ft~u okiB/sktK
d/ ;/tkoEh iks (Caste), Xow (Religion), y/so iK tgko (Vocation) d/ nkXko s/ UBK Bz{ u[Bkt ft~u
fistkUAd/ jB.fJBK Bz{ p'b^ukb ns/ g~soekfosk dh GkPk ft~u *t'N p?Ae* fejk iKdk j?.fi~E/ rohph ns/
;wkfie ftPwsk fJzB/ ft;fsqs ;so s/ c?bh j't/, fjs^;w{j ns/ okiBhfse db fJzB/ ewI'o j'D, T[ZE/
i/eo okiB/sk nkgD/ n;kXkoD ftnefs~st ns/ i'V^s'V dh ywsk d/ pb s/ fe;/ ftP/P ;w{jK dk Io{oh
;woEB i[Nk b?D sK fJ; ft~u j?okBh dh e'Jh r~b BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.
;jkok o/fr;skB Bkb b~r/ nfXeKP ncohek ft~u nkIkdh d/ nzd'bB d/ d"okB iB^;fjGkfrsk Bz{ gfonkgs
gq's;kjB fd~sk frnk. gqzs{ nkIkdh s'A pknd fJj gqftq~sh b[gs j' rJh. T[dkjoD bJh, 1983 ft~u
BkJhihohnk d/ nkw u[Bkt ft~u e/tb fJ~e^u"EkJh wsdksktK B/ wsdkB ehsk. fJ; s'A pknd T[ZE/ ;?fBe
Pk;B ;Ekfgs j' frnk. ;?fBe Pk;B B/ fJ; wkw{bh ;fjGkfrsk Bz{ th BjhA u~bD fd~sk.
b?fNB nwohek ft~u i' nkofEe ftek; j'fJnk, T[;d/ cb;o{g fJ~e Pfjoh w~X tor (Urban Middle
Class) ns/ ;otjkok tor (Proletariat) T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. gqzs{ fJBK d/PK ft~u o{Vhtkdh
(Conservative) ns/ nfGikshtorh (Aristocratic) ftfPPN torK B/ fJBK Bt/A torK Bz{ okiB-
hfse gqfeqnk ft~u Gkr b?D dk w"ek BjhA fd~sk. nfXeKP b?fNB nwoheh d/PK ft~u okiBhfse
n;fEosk dk tksktoD fojkl e/tb e';Nk ohek ns/ t/B/i[J/bk fJ;d/ ngtkd ;B.fi~E/ fi~E/ r[NszsoK
(Oligrachies) B/ ;?fBe Pk;B Bz{ u[B"sh fd~sh, T[ZE/ fBwB wZX torK ns/ ekwrko torK d/ b'efgqn
nzd'bB T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkJ/. noiBNhBk ft~u 1944 s'A 1955 s~e d/ d"o ft~u :[nkB g/o'A d/ ;~sktkdh
Pk;B (Authoritarian Regime) B/ fJBK torK Bz{ okiBhfse gqfeqnk ft~u Pkfwb eoD dh e'fPP
ehsh.
b?fNB nwohek d/ pj[s t~v/ fj~;/ ft~u ;?fBe nfXBkfJeszso (Military Dictatorship) dk bzpk d"o
u~fbnk. fes/ fes/ fJ; Bz{ iB^;woEB gqkgs ;hl fes/ nfijk BjhA ;h. gqzs{ 1980 d/ dPe d/ nzs s~e
nkUAd/ nkUAd/ brGr g{o/ b?fNB nwohek ft~u n;?fBe Pk;B (Civil Regimes) ;Ekfgs j' rJ/. e[M th
j't/, b?fNB nwoheh b'eszsoK Bz{ n~i th Gkoh w[dok;fcsh, Gkoh eoI/ ns/ ft;fsqs rohph dk ;kjwDk
eoBk g? fojk j?, fiBK d/ fg~S/ p[i[otk ns/ ;?fBe ftfPPNtorK dh SkfJnk wzvok ojh j?.
shih d[BhnK d/ e[M ;kwtkdh d/PK B/ iBrshPhbB (Mass Mobilization) d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkofEe
;fwq~Xh (Economics Growth) gqkgs eoD dh e'fPP ehsh. iBrshPhbB Uj gqfeqnk j? fi; ft~u e'Jh
b'efgqn B/sk pj[s t~v/ iB;w{j Bz{ ;zp'fXs eo e/ UBK Bz{ fe;/ wjkB T[d/P dh f;~Xh bJh rshwkB eodk
j?. UBK d/ wB ft~u gq/oDk ns/ T[s;kj dk ;zuko eodk j? fi; Bkb Uj nkgD/ B/sk d/ fBod/PK d/ nB[o{g
ezw eoD bJh nkgDhnK PeshnK Bz{ fJ~ei[N eo b?Ad/ jB. ;kwtkdh d/PK B/ ;wkkitkdh T[d/PK dh f;~Xh
bJh wId{oK ns/ fe;kBK Bz{ rshwkB eoD s/ ftP/P fXnkB fd~sk. uhB, thnsBkw ns/ feT{pk ft~u fJj

276 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY