Page 285 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN okPNogsh dk fttjko ft~u gqs~y u[Bkt uko ;kb bJh iBsk d[nkok j[zdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk nwoheh
wsdksktK d[nkok gqs~y o{g Bkb u[Dh iKdh j?. ;hB/N dk fBowkD okiK dh ;wkBsk ;zehoD f;XKs s/ j[zdk
j? ns/ T[;d/ w?Zpo th fBPfus e'Nk d/ nB[;ko okiK d[nkok u[D/ ikd/ jB. 1913 s'A gfjbK ;hB/N d/ fJBK
w?ApoK dk u[Bkt go'y o{g Bkb jo oki d/ ftXkfJeK d[nkok j[zdk ;h. gqzs{ ;zftXkB d/ ;skjot/A ;zP'XB d/
nB[;ko j[D okiK d/ Bkrfoe gqs~y o{g Bkb fJBK Bz{ u[Dd/ jB. gqshfBXh ;Gk dk rmB okiK dh iB;zfynk
d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j? ns/ fBotkuB gqs~y ns/ pkbr wskfXeko d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?. ;zftXkB d/ T[ZBht/A
;zP'XB d[nkok jo fJ;soh Bz{ wsdkB dk nfXeko gqdkB ehsk frnk j?. fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st dh
fJ; ftt;Ek Bkb fJjh fBu'V fB~ebdk j? fe w"fbe o{g Bkb ;gqG[sk T[~E'A dh iBsk ft~u fBtk; eodh
j?.fJ; dh ;gPN uouk ;zftXkB dh gq;sktBk ft~u j?. nwoheh ;zftXkB Bz{ rDszso th fejk iKdk j?
feUAfe oki d/ gqXkB noEks okPNogsh dk u[Bkt f;~X/ iBsk d[nkok j[zdk j?.
cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek
cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Representation and Eelction System in
cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek
cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek
cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek
France): cqK; ft~u eqKsh d/ ;w/A jh ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ Goksohtkd d/ i' Bko/ ;koh d[BhnK Bz{ fd~s/
rJ/ fi; d/ roG ft~u fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st ftt;Ek fBfjs j?, u"E/ rDszso ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/
fBotkuB dhnK ;kohnK ftt;EktK fpqfNP gqfswkB s/ nkXkfos ;B. gqzs{ gzuw rDszso ft~u okiBhfse
ftt;Ek dk ;o{g pdb ikD Bkb fJ; ft~u e[M gfotosB nkfJnk j?, gqzs{ w{b o{g Bkb iBsk Bz{ jh ;ko/
nfXeko fwb/ jB. fpBK fe;/ G/dGkt d/ ;ko/ cqK;h;h BkrfoeK Bz{ wsdkB dk nfXeko j?.
cqK; ft~u okPNogsh ns/ ;z;d d' d'jK ;dBK (okPNoh ;G ns/ ;hB/N) dk fBotkuB j[zdk j?. okPNogsh
iBsk d[nkok u[fDnk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh cqK; fJ~e rDszso j?. okPNoh ;Gk d/ w?ApoK dk u[Bkt ftnkge,
gqs~y, ;wkB ns/ r[gs wsdkB d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?. ;ko/ pkbr BkrfoeK Bz{ wskfXeko gqkgs j?. g{o/
d/P Bz{ ;wkB fBotkuB y/soK ft~u tzv fd~sk iKdk j? ns/ jo y/so s'A fJ~e gqshfBXh u[fDnk iKdk j?. d{i/
gk;/ ;hB/N d/ w?ApoK dk u[Bkt ftnkge go'y wskfXeko d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?. cqK; d/ gqkd/fPe ftGkrK ns/
gqtk;h BkrfoeK dk gqshfBfX~st th fJ;/ ;dB ft~u j[zdk j?.
;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek
;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Representation and Eelction
;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek
;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek
;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek
System in Switzerland): ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek dk ;o{g fpqN/B,
nwohek ns/ cqK; s'A fGzB j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk n~i th ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqs~y gqikszso d/ o{g d/yD Bz{
fwbd/ jB. ;ft; ;zxh ;Gk d'^;dBkswe j?. fi; ft~u gqEw ;dB Bz{ okPNoh ;Gk (National Council)
fejk iKdk j? i' ;ft; iBsk dk gqshfBfX~st eodh j?. oki ;Gk (Council of States) Bz{ d{ik ;dB fejk
iKdk j? i' e?ANDK dk gqshfBfX~st eodk j?. fJ; ft~u jo e?ANB d/ d' ns/ jo noXe?ANB s'A fJ~e gqshfBXh
fbnk iKdk j?.
gqEw ;dB noEs okPNoh ;Gk dk rmB iBsk d[nkok fBotkfus gqshfBXhnK d[nkok j[zdk j?. jo ;ft;
Bkrfoe i' 20 ;kb dk j' u[ek j? wsdkB ft~u Gkr b?Adk j?. u[Bkt r[gs wsdkB d[nkok j[zdk j?. go
fpqN/B, nwohek, cqK; ns/ Gkos dh soK T[ZE/ ;kXkoD pj[ws s/ nkXkfos fJ~e w?Apoh fBotkuB gqDkbh
d[nkok u[Bkt BjhA j[zdk. fJ; d/ u[Bkt d/ bJh nB[gkfse gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh y/so ft~u fbnKdh rJh.
jo e?ANB fJ~e fBotkuB y/so j[zdk j? fi; ft~u gqshfBXhnK d/ u[Bkt d/ bJh ftfGzB db nkgD/ nkgD/
T[whdtkoK dh ;{uh gq;s[s eod/ jB. fJ; soK T[whdtko ftneshrs o{g Bkb BjhA pbfe ;w[dkfJe o{g
Bkb yV/ j[zd/ jB. jo ;{uh ft~u UB/ jh Bkw j[zd/ jB fizB/ T[; e?ANB d/ ;EkB j'D. wsdksk UB/ ws d/
D dk nfXekoh j[zdk j? fizB/ w?ApoK dk fBotkuB T[; e?ANB s'A j[zdk j?. gqzs{ nB[gkfse gqshfBfX~st g~Xsh
dk gq:'r e/tb UBK e?ANBK bJh ehsk iKdk j? fi~E/ fJ~e s'A nfXe w?ApoK dk u[Bkt j[zdk j?. fiBK e?ANBK
s'A e/tb fJ~e w?Apo fBotkfus j[zdk j/, T[ZE/ ;kXkoD gqDkbh d[nkok wsdkB j[zdk j?.
fJ; ft~u e'Jh P~e BjhA fe fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st dh nB[gkfse gqDkbh ft~u th nB/e d'P jB. gqzs{
nfXeKP ftdtkBK dh XkoDk j? fe cqK; ns/ fJNbh dh soK fJ; g~Xsh d/ p[o/ Bshi/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u
t/yD Bz{ BjhA fwbd/. ;~uw[u fJ; gqDkbh B/ ;ftNIob?Av d/ gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ft~u fBnK dh
gqfeqnk Bz{ T[s;kfjs ehsk j? ns/ iBws ;zrqfj d/ d'PK Bz{ ysw ehsk j?.

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