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fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
fJekJh^6L Gkos ft~u iksh ftt;Ek
6H3H2 BØN
6H3H2 rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK
6H3H2 rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK
6H3H2 rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK rshPhbsk ns/ okiBhfse ;~sk gqkgsh ft~u o[ektNK
6H3H2
n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko ;EkfBe ;z;soD ft~u ikshnK dh rshPhbsk dh ;zGktBk ;dk jh ojh j?.
rshPhbsk d/ gqGktekoh ;o's jB^ ;z;feqsheoD dh gqfeqnk, XB d/ ;kXBK dh T[gbpXh, dPkpdh iBrDBk
ft~u iBrDBk nfXekohnK s'A iksh dh ;fEsh ft~u gfotosB bJh fBt/dB eoBk, ns/ iksh ;zx pDk e/
iksh ;w{jK Bz{ rshtkB pDkUDk nkfd. G{^wbehns d/ ekoD T[Zu iksh d/ w?ApoK B/ Bk e/tb okiBhfse
;~sk gqkgs ehsh (fit/A d~yD Gkos ft~u wokmk, o/Zvh, BkfJo, e{or ns/ t/bkbk ikshnK ft~u y/soh
gq;fEsh), pbfe iBikshnK ns/ fBwB ns/ w~X ikshnK d/ b'eK B/ th okiBhfse Pesh gqkgs eo e/
gq;fEsh dk dktk ehskl T[dkjoD bJh, :kdt, e[owh, e'oh, fpjko ft~u, g~shdko r[ioks ft~u, gkbk g{oph
pzrkb ft~u, G{whih ns/ w[zvk g{oph Gkos ft~u B/ y~soh j'D dk dktk ehsk. nB/e fBwB ns/ fgSVhnK
ikshnK B/ T[Zu gq;fEsh gqsheK (symbols) fit/A okiBhfse ;~sk, f;~fynk ns/ Bt/A nkofEe w"fenK ft~u
fj~;k gqkgs eoD dh e'fPP ehsh. T[Zu ikshnK B/ fBwB ikshnK d[nkok fuzBK d/ gq:'r dk fto'X ehsk.
fJ; gqeko d/ gqsheK dk T[g:'r eoD tkb/ f;ofcfonK Bz{ dzfvs eoD bJh T[Zu iksh d/ b'e okiBhfse
nfXekohnK T[Zs/ ftPtk; Bk eo ;e/. UBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe nfij/ fBwB iksh d/ b'eK Bz{ ;ohfoe dzv
d/D iK iksh pfjPeko eoD dk UBK Bz{ “B?fse nfXeko” j?. d; ;kbk iBrDBk dh ;z;Ek B/ 1901 s'A
fBwB ikshnK dh pj[s wdd ehsh. UBK B/ ;'funk fe iBrDBk fog'oN ft~u T[Zu ;fEsh dk dktk eoD
Bkb UBK dh ;fEsh ft~u e'Jh th fttkd yVk BjhA j't/rk.
T[Zu b?n d/ ;[zdo ;z;feqs d/ BK o~yD dh gfogkNh ikshnK ft~u ft;fsqs o{g Bkb ngDkJh ik ojh ;h.
T[Zu gq;fEsh dh dkt/dkoh bJh gozgoktK, fotkiK ns/ g"okfDe eEktK s'A T[dkjoD fd~s/ rJ/. fJ; ;G
Bkb iksh ;zxoP tX/ feUAfe ukj/ nkozG ft~u fBwB ikshnK dk T[d/P iksh gqEktK ft~u ;[Xko eoBk ;h
ns/ T[Zu ;fEsh dk dktk eoBl ;h, gqzs{ ;[szsosk s'A pknd fJj ikshnK okiBhfse dpkn ;w{j pD rJ/
ns/ u[Bkt bJh fNeNK, e?phB/N ft~u wzsoh pDBk, gqPk;B ft~u T[Zu B"eoh ns/ fJ~E'A s~e fe okPNogsh
gd s~e d/ dkt/dko j' rJ/. r[ioks, fd~bh, T[Zso gqd/P, oki;EkB ns/ j'o eJh okiK ft~u 1970, 1980
ns/ 1990 d/ dPeK ft~u j'J/ iksh ;zxoP fJBK dkftnK d/ Bshi/ ;B.
;zy/g ft~u, fBwB ns/ fgSVhnK ikshnK d[nkok rshPhbsk bJh ngDkJ/ rJ/ o;fsnK dk T[Zu ikshnK
d[nkok iw e/ fto'X ehsk frnk j?. T[Zu ikshnK d[nkok fto'X dhnK e'fPPK ns/ fBwB ikshnK d[nkok
rshPhbsk dhnK e'fPPK B/ UBK ft~u ;zxoP g?dk ehsk j?.

Nk;e gqpb iksh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

6H3H3 nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/ nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/
6H3H3 nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/ nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/
6H3H3 nkofEe w"fenK Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh w[ekpbk ns/ T[Zu gq;fEsh d/
6H3H3
6H3H3
gqshe gqkgs eoBk
gqshe gqkgs eoBk
gqshe gqkgs eoBk
gqshe gqkgs eoBk
gqshe gqkgs eoBk
ukj/ iksh ;z;soD ft~u jo iksh dh gq;fEsh fBPfus j?, gqzs{ ;z;soD ft~u iksh gq;fEsh dh ;gPN
gfoGkPk d/ nGkt ft~u ikshnK dh ;fEsh dh n;gPNsk pDh ofjzdh j?. ;[szso Gkos ft~u ftfGzB ikshnK
ft~u w[ekpbk fJ~e nkw r~b j' rJh j?. iBsk d/ j~EK ft~u okiBhfse Pesh nkUD Bkb ikshnK dpkn
;w{j pD rJhnK jB ns/ Pesh gqkgsh dh j'V br rJh j?. fJ; gqft~sh B/ d/P ft~u iksh ;zxoP Bz{
gq's;kfjs ehsk j?. ed/ ed/ d{ihnK ikshnK Bkb ;cbskg{ote w[ekpb/ dh fJ~Sk S'N/ yzvK Bz{ fJ~em/ j'D bJh
wip{o eo fdzdh j? ns/ Uj fJ~e iksh Pq/Dh ft~u pzB/ iKd/ jB. nKdo/ p/s/Jh B/ th fJzfrs ehsk j? fe
“gd ns/ Pesh bJh w[ekpb/ ft~u yzvK d/ fJ~e i[N j'D dh Io{os j[zdh j? feUAfe fJ~e iksh fJ~ebh Pesh
bJh w[ekpb/ ft~u BjhA nk ;edh.” id'A S'N/ yzv fJ~em/ j' ikd/ jB sK Uj fJ~e PeshPkbh iksh pD iKd/
jB. r[ioks ft~u e'bh ns/ T[Zso gqd/P ft~u :kdt fJ; r~b d/ T[dkjoD jB fe Uj nkgDh okiBhfse
Pesh Bz{ wIp{s eoD bJh fJ~ei[N j' e/ fJ~e iksh Pq/Dh d/ o{g ft~u ;zrfms j' rJ/.

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