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;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN (iii) ;wki Pk;soh PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko “J/esk dh ntXkoDk fjzd{ Xow ft~u nzso fBfjs j?.”
(iv) nbg^;zfyne XowK d/ b'eK ft~u ;kyosk dk gqshPs pj[^;zfyne Xow d/ b'eK Bkb'A
nfXe j?.
(v) bkov w?ekb/ d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~u 179 GkPktK ns/ 544 b'e^GkPktK jB.

Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw
1H3
1H3 Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw
Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw
Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw
Gkosh ;wki dk T[dGtL ;wkfie^;z;feqfse nk:kw (Evolution of
1H3
1H3
1H3
Indian Society-Socio-Cultural Dimensions)
Gkos ftftX ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse s~sK dk ;zPb/PD fejk iKdk j?. fJj nkfonk ns/ dqkftV ;z;feqshnK
dk ;zfwPoD j?. fJ; ;zPb/PD d/ cb;o{g fgzv, gfotko, iksh ns/ ftXh ftt;Ek ft~u J/esk gkJh iKdh
j?. gqkuhB ekb s'A n~i s~e Gkosh ;wki dh fBozsosk fJ; ;zPb/PD d[nkok pDh j'Jh j?. w'jBi'dV' (2500
Jh;k g{ot) s'A b? e/ p[~X, i?B, fJ;bkw ns/ fpqfNP Pk;B ns/ ;[szsosk s'A pknd ebk, fu~soekoh, ;zrhs
ns/ Xow nkfd d/ y/soK ft~u ;kswheoB ns/ ;zPb/PD dh gqfeqnk d[nkok fBozsosk gkJh iKdh j?.
e/H n?wH gfDeo i' fJ~e fBPmktkB okPNotkdh ;B, ;zPb/PD ns/ ;kswheoB dh fJfsjkf;esk Bz{ fXnkB
ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ fbyd/ jBL “w?A ;z;feqsh Bz{ ftukoK, XkoDktK, ftef;s r[DK ns/ ;zrfms ;zpzXK ns/
fPPNsktK dh fJ~e rqzEh wzBdk jK i' nkw s"o s/ fJ~e ;wki ft~u gkJh iKdh j?.” gfDeo fJ; ;zdoG ft~u
efjzd/ jB fe ftukoK dh ;wkBsk, nkuoD ns/ fttjko ft~u fJeo{gsk ns/ nkXko G{s ;wZf;nktK Bz{
;wMD dk ;ot wkDe T[gkrw ;KMk gozgoktK ns/ nkdoPK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j[zd/ jB. Gkosh ;z;feqsh dh
fJ~e ihtB^g~Xsh ojh j?, pkjoh ;zgoe j'D Bkb fJ; ft~u fBozso ;zP'XB j[zd/ jB, gqzs{ d/;h f;XKsK ns/
ftukoK T[Zs/ nkXkfos j'D d/ ekoD fJj g~Xsh “Gkosh” pDh ojh. Gkosh ;z;feqsh d/ fJj o{g ns/
T[gkrw ;kfjs, ebk ns/ t;s{ ebk ft~u fdykJh fdzd/ jB. Gkos ft~u Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie ;fjPD{sk
dh gozgok ojh j?. fJ; gozgok B/ Gkos ft~u ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ihtB ft~u ;fwq~Xh ns/ nB/e o{gsk
fbnkT[D ft~u :'rdkB fd~sk j?.
gqkuhB ekb d/ w[~y ;kfjfse ;o's jBL (1) ;z;feqs GkPk ns/ ;z;feqshgoe GkPktK ft~u, ns/ (2) dqkftV
GkPktK. t/d, g[okD ns/ wjKGkos ns/ gqkfeqs ns/ gkbh GkPktK dk T[b/y fJBQK ft~u ehsk iKdk j?. ;qhbzek
d/ fJshftqs, p[~Xhufos ns/ i?B ;kfjs w[~y fJfsjkf;e b/yD jB. efbnkD d/ ukb[e usowkB; ns/ pzrkb
d/ gkb d/ pko/ ft~u nB/eK fJfsjkf;e feqshnK wZX :Z[r dhnK ;z;feqfse GkPktK ft~u Pkfwb ehshnK
rJhnK jB. fJBQK fszB okitzPK d/ pko/ ft~u gqf;~X feqshnK ft~u fteqwkd/t ufos, fgqEthoki fti/ ns/
okwufos jB. ePwho dh okisozfrDh ns/ r[ioks d/ fJshftqs j'o w[~y feqshnK jB. 1206 s'A 1761
Jh;th d/ nzsors sfwb, ezBV, s/br{ ns/ wfbnkbw GkPktK ft~u wj~stg{oB rqzE fby/ rJ/. gko;h ns/
noph GkPktK Bz{ pj[s gq's;kjB fwfbnk. gqrfsjkf;e ns/ nkfd^fJfsjkf;e ekbK Bz{ gq;so^:[r, skwo
:[r ns/ b"j^:[r ft~u ftGkfis ehsk frnk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ torheoB Bkb wB[~y dh GKfse ns/
gq'd':'fre gqrsh dk p'X j[zdk j?. wB[~y dh nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie gq;fEsh ns/ T[; d/ gfonktoD d/ pko/
ft~u frnkB gqkgs eoB dh nfXe Io{os j?. fJ; :[r torheoB Bkb gfonkgs ;wM gqkgs BjhA ehsh
ik ;edh. wB[~y dh gqrsh dhnK nt;EktK Bz{ ;wMD bJh fBwBfbys T[dGth gqfeqnk nfXe ;{uBKekoh
j?^

1H nkfdw G'iB ;zrqfjD nt;Ek iK nkfd ns/ w~X gq;so :[r.
2H T[ZBs G'iB^;zrqfjD nt;Ek iK T[Zso gq;so :[r$g~Eo ekb.
3H nkozfGe G'iB T[sgkdB ;zeowD iK Btgq;so :[r.
4H ;EkJh g/Av{ ;w[dkJ/ iK T[ZBs Btgq;so :[r$skwo g~Eo.
5H Broh eoB iK eK;k :[r.
fJ~E/ n;hA f;zX{ ;~fGnsk d/ pko/ ft~u ;zy/g ft~u toDB eoKr/. f;zX{ ;~fGnsk Broh j?, ns/ fJ; dk y/so Bhb
Bdh iK fNrohI^ :{cq?N/I xkNhnK iK ghs Bdh xkNh dh ;fGnsktK d/ y/so s'A nfXe ;h. g~Sw s'A g{op

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