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vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa foÙk
uksV 2-5 eqDr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha (Free Trade Vs. No Trade)
lSE;qylu us nks ys[k izLrqr fd, (i) The Gains from International Trade (1939) vkSj (ii) The Gains from
International Trade Once Again (1962)] mlus bu ys[kksa esa fl¼ fd;k gS fd ^O;kikj ugha* dh vis{kk ^eqDr
O;kikj* Js"B gS (Free trade is superior to no trade) A
eqDr O;kikj ls rkRi;Z ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa oLrqvksa dh ?kjsyw vkSj fo'o&dhersa cjkcj gksaA ;g izLFkkiuk fl¼
djus osQ fy, fd O;kikj ugha dh vis{kk eqDr O;kikj Js"B gS] fuEufyf[kr ekU;rk,¡ j[kh x;h gSaμ
1- dksbZ ifjogu ykxrsa ugha gSaA
2- mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa dh iw£r fLFkj gSA
3- u rks dksbZ O;kikj mRiknu vkSj miHkksx djrs gSa] vkSj u gh dksbZ lgkf;dh rFkk dksVs (Quotas) gSaA
4- O;kikj esa ,dkfèkdkj 'kfDr dk vHkko gSA
5- izkS|ksfxdh ,slh gS ftlls urksnj (concave) mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ izkIr gksrk gSA
6- iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk gSA
7- ns'k NksVk gSA
bu ekU;rkvksa osQ fn, gq, gksus ij] izLFkkiuk dks fp=k 2-7 dh
lgk;rk ls fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA fp=k esa eku fy;k x;k W
gS fd ?kjsyw ns'k osQoy nks oLrqvksa X rFkk Y dk mRiknu djrk D CI
gSA tc O;kikj ugha gksrk] rks ?kjsyw ns'k dk mRiknu lEHkkouk A
Y–oLrq S
oØ ASEB gSA DP js[kk ?kjsyw dher vuqikr iznku djrh gS] E
tks crkrh gS fd ns'k esa mRiknu vkSj miHkksx fcUnq S ij gks
jgs gSaA tc O;kikj izkjaHk gksrk gS rks WL (DP osQ lekukarj) V
CI
js[kk dh <yku fo'o&dher vuqikr n'kkZrh gSA WL oØ
vFkZO;oLFkk dk mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ gSA bl oØ ij dksbZ O B P L
X–oLrq
Hkh fcUnq X rFkk Y oLrqvksa osQ ml la;ksx ls izkIr gksrk gS ftls
fp=k 2-7
fcUnq E fuèkkZfjr djrk gS tgk¡ mRiknu lEHkkouk oØ AB oØ
WL dks Li'kZ djrk gSA fcUnq E vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls vfèkdre n{k mRiknu fcUnq dks O;Dr djrk gSA
vfèkdre miHkksx fcUnq V ij gksrk gS tgk¡ WL oØ Cl′ oØ dks Li'kZ djrk gS tks lkekftd dY;k.k dks izn£'kr
djrk gSA
fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd eqDr O;kikj osQ vUrxZr ns'k fcUnq E ij X rFkk Y nksuksa oLrqvksa dk mldh
vis{kk vfèkd mRiknu djrk gS tks og O;kikj&ugha osQ vUrxZr fcUnq S ij djrk gS vkSj fiQj] eqDr O;kikj osQ
vUrxZr miHkksx lEHkkouk lhek WEL O;kikj&ugha osQ vUrxZr miHkksx lEHkkouk lhek AEB osQ ckgj fLFkj jgrh
gS] flok; fcUnq E osQ tks nksuksa lhekvksa dk lkekU; Li'kZ&fcUnq gSA bu rF;ksa ls ;g izLFkkiuk fl¼ gksrh gS fd
O;kikj&ugha dh vis{kk eqDr O;kikj Js"B gSA
2-6 izfrcfUèkr O;kikj cuke O;kikj ugha (Restricted Trade Vs. No Trade)
dh èkkj.kk gS fd O;kikj&ugha dh vis{kk izfrcfUèkr O;kikj Js"B gksrk gS c'krsZ fd izfrcUèk
fu"ksèkdkjh u gksa vkSj iz'kqYdksa] dksVk (quotas) vFkok fofue; fu;U=k.kksa osQ :i esa gksaA bls fp=k 2-8 }kjk izn£'kr
fd;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ O;kikj&ugha lUrqyu dks fcUnq E }kjk fn[kk;k x;k gS] tgk¡ mRiknu
lEHkkouk oØ AB rFkk leqnk; mnklhurk oØ Cl ,d nwljs dks Li'kZ djrs gSa vkSj nksuksa gh ?kjsyw dher js[kk
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